SYBA RD SEM -IV PAPER II Development strategies-munotes

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STUDY OF AGRICULTURAL POLICIES – I
Dr. Dilip S. Patil

Unit Structure:
1.0 Objectives
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Schemes implemented by Agricultural Department
1.3 Schemes implemented by Panchayat Raj
1.4 Summary
1.5 Self Study
1.0 OBJECTIVES:
 To study the schemes implemented by Agricultural Department
 To study the schemes implemented by Panchayat Raj
 To study the schemes implemented by Department of Tribal
Development
1.1 INTRODUCTION:
Agricultural Policy - Government of Maharashtra is committed for overall
social and economic development. In order to make farmer self -sufficient
and independent, farmer centric agriculture development programmes will
be planned and executed for uplifting economic status of the farmers.
Agriculture development should be sustainable and eco -friendly and
accordingly it is planned to utilize infrastructure judicious, efficie nt and
effectively. Special focus will be given towards the progress of
economically and socially backward and weaker sections and promoting
development of skilled and unskilled employment generation especially in
rural areas. It is proposed to promote agr icultural development on the lines
of Industrialization and commercialization so that this sector will also be
at apex like industry and commerce.
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MAHARASHTRA - STATE AGRICULTURAL PORTAL
agricoop.nic.in
For this Agriculture Policy will be as follows:
1. Accelerating the production growth rate and attaining its maximum
level by efficient use of natural resources in the state. 2. Increasing net
income of the farme rs in the state and thereby making them self -sufficient.
3. Exploring limited water resources in the state judiciously & executing
measures for efficient use of water. 4. Implementing production and
distribution system efficiently for catering special need s of farmers like
seed, fertilizers, pesticides and implements. 5. Investment in agriculture
and credit supply is limited and there is need to develop easy and effective
planning and methodology for sufficient and timely supply of credit all
over the state . 6. Using fertilizers and pesticides in minimum quantity only
when they are required thereby minimizing its pollution in soil and water
and thus restricting adverse effects of these chemicals on agricultural
produce 7. After full utilization of irrigation efficiency, most of the area
still will depend on rainfall and to stabilize agricultural production, the
programmes like watershed development, efficient use and dissemination
of dry farming technology and measures to increase production of small
and marg inal farmers. 8. Control on erosion of fallow land and thereby
bringing the land under fruit cultivation, Agro -forestry & grass fallow for
increase in production and employment generation. 9. to make the
Agricultural universities competent and make the agri cultural education
commercial oriented. Agricultural research as per the needs of the farmers
and increase the level of research and disseminate new developed
technology up to the common farmer. 10. As most of the agriculture in the
state is dependent on r ainfall, there is no stability in agricultural
production & for this strengthening of crop insurance scheme for increase
the investment in production and to avoid the losses under unfavourable
conditions. 11. Improvement in methodology of land purchase, sa le ,
distribution and mutation and control on disputes. 12. Employment
generation of skilled & unskilled for agriculture and agriculture related munotes.in

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profession. 13. Remedial measures for uplift of agricultural labours by
agricultural development process. 14. Remedial measures for efficiency of
gender and to increase production in agricultural field. 15. Give stress on
agricultural development on the farm of tribal, backward class, small and
marginal to meet out social justice. 16. Implement the programme of roa d
transport as per the needs of the farmers. 17. Creation and assistance for
infrastructure development for post -harvest, handling, storage, transport
for getting remunerative prices to agricultural produce. 18. Creation of
minimum basic facilities in agri cultural produce market committee and
modernize the facilities. Improvement in the APMC Act and methodology
for competitive price for agricultural produce sale. 19. Sustainable security
of food grain and improvement in the quality of nutrients. Agriculture is
connected to every strata in the state.
Check your progress
1. Write a note on Agricultural Policies in Maharashtra.
1.2 SCHEMES IMPLEMENTED BY AGRICULTURAL
DEPARTMENT:
1) E-NAM:
National Agriculture Market (e -NAM) is a pan -India electronic trading
portal which networks the existing APMC mandis to create a unified
national market for agricultural commodities.
Small Farmers Agribusiness Consortium (SFAC) is the lead agency for
implementing e -NAM under the aegis o f Ministry of Agriculture and
Farmers' Welfare, Government of India.

eNam | Homeenam.gov.in
Vision:
To promote uniformity in agriculture marketing by streamlining of
procedures across the i ntegrated markets, removing information
asymmetry between buyers and sellers and promoting real time price
discovery based on actual demand and supply.
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Mission:
Integration of APMCs across the country through a common online
market platform to facilitate p an-India trade in agriculture commodities,
providing better price discovery through transparent auction process based
on quality of produce along with timely online payment.
2) National Mission For Sustainable Agriculture (NMSA):
National Mission for Susta inable Agriculture (NMSA) has been
formulated for enhancing agricultural productivity especially in rainfed
areas focusing on integrated farming, water use efficiency, soil health
management and synergizing resource conservation.

Agriculture - NMSA (National Mission ... youtube.com
NMSA will cater to key dimensions of ‘W ater use efficiency’, ‘Nutrient
Management’ and ‘Livelihood diversification’ through adoption of
sustainable development pathway by progressively shifting to
environmental friendly technologies, adoption of energy efficient
equipment’s, conservation of nat ural resources, integrated farming, etc.


National Mission for Sustainable Agriculture (NMSA) - IAS Easy
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Schemes under NMSA:
a) Rainfed Area Development (RAD)is being implemented by RFS
Division
b) Soil Health Management (SHM)is being implemented by INM Division
c) Sub Mission on Agro Forestry (SMAF) is being implemented by NRM
Division
d) Paramparagat Krishi Vikas Yojana (PKVY) is being implemented by
INM Division
e) Soil and Land Use Survey of India (SLUSI): is being implemented by
RFS Division
f) National Rainfed Area Authority (NRAA) is being implemented by RFS
Division
g) Mission Organic Value Chai n Development in North Eastern Region
(MOVCDNER): is being implemented by INM Division
h) National Centre of Organic Farming (NCOF): Being implemented by
INM Division
i) Central Fertilizer Quality Control and Training Institute (CFQC&TI):
implemented by (I NM) Division
[Rainfed Farming System (RFS); Integrated Nutrient Management
(INM); National Resource Management (NRM)]
3) Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchayee Yojana (PMKSY):
Har Khet ko Pani "Prime Minister Krishi Sinchayee Yojana"
Government of India is commi tted to accord high priority to water
conservation and its management. To this effect Pradhan Mantri Krishi
Sinchayee Yojana (PMKSY) has been formulated with the vision of
extending the coverage of irrigation 'Har Khet ko Pani' and improving
water use effi ciency 'More crop per drop' in a focused manner with end to
end solution on source creation, distribution, management, field
application and extension activities.





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4) Paramparagat Krishi Vikas Yojana (PKVY):

Paramparagat Krishi Vikas Yojana Panjiyan 2020 [PKVY] -
FastRead Info
The Paramparagat Krishi Vikas Yojana (PKVY), is an initiative to
promote organic farming inthe country launched in 2015.
According to the scheme, farmers will be encouraged to form groups or
clusters and take to organic farming methods over large areas in the
country.
The government also intends to cover the certification costs and promote
organic farming through the use of traditional resources.
To avail the scheme, each cluster or group must have 50 farmers willing to
take up organic farming under the PKVY and possess a total area of at
least 50 acres. Each farmer enrolling in the scheme will be provided INR
20,000 per acre by the government spread over a period of three years.
5) Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana (PMFBY):
Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana (PMFBY) is the government
sponsored crop insurance scheme that integrates multiple stakeholders on
a single platform.
Objectives
1. To provide insurance coverage and financial support to the farmers in
the event of failure of
any of the notified crop as a result of nat ural calamities, pests & diseases.
2. To stabilise the income of farmers to ensure their continuance in
farming.
3. To encourage farmers to adopt innovative and modern agricultural
practices.
4. To ensure flow of credit to the agriculture sector.
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6) Grami n Bhandaran Yojna :
Objective of this Scheme:
1. Create scientific storage capacity with allied facilities in rural areas.
2. To meet the requirements of farmers for storing farm produce,
processed farm produce and agricultural inputs.
3. Promotion of gradi ng, standardization and quality control of agricultural
produce to improve their marketability.
4. Prevent distress sale immediately after harvest by providing the facility
of pledge financing and marketing credit by strengthening agricultural
marketing in frastructure in the country.
7) Livestock insurance Scheme:
This scheme aims to provide protection mechanism to the farmers and
cattle rearer’s against any eventual loss of their animals due to death and
to demonstrate the benefit of the insurance of lives tock to the people and
popularize it with the ultimate goal of attaining qualitative improvement in
livestock and their products.
8) Scheme on Fisheries Training and Extension:
It was launched to provide training for fishery sector so as to assist in
under taking fisheries extension programmes effectively.
9) National Scheme on Welfare of Fishermen:
This scheme was launched to provide financial assistance to fishers for
construction of house, community hall for recreation and common
working place. It also aims to install tube -wells for drinking water and
assistance during lean period through saving cu m relief component.
10) Micro Irrigation Fund (MIF):
The government approved a dedicated Rs5,000 crore fund to bring more
land area under micro -irrigation as part of its objective to boost agriculture
production and farmers income.
The fund has been set up under NABARD, which will provide this amount
to states on concessional rate of interest to promote micro -irrigation,
which currently has a coverage of only 10 million hectares as against the
potential of 70 million hectares.
Check your progress
Q1. Write short note on
1. E-NAM
2. Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchai Yojana (PMKSY) munotes.in

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3. Paramparagat Krishi Vikas Yojana (PKVY)
4. Pradhan Mantri FasalBima Yojana (PMFBY)
5. GraminBhandaranYojna
Q2. Answer in short
1. Livestock insurance Scheme
2. Scheme on Fisheri es Training and Extension
3. National Scheme on Welfare of Fishermen
4. Micro Irrigation Fund (MIF)
Q3. Write short note on National Mission For Sustainable Agriculture
(NMSA)
As agriculture is the back bone of the country, any change in agriculture
sector , positive or negative has multi -fold effects on the entire economy.
Maharashtra is the second largest state in India in terms of population and
geographical area. Like other states about 55 percent population is directly
or indirectly depends on agricultu re. The agriculture & allied activities
sector contributes 11 % to the state‘s income.The state has also emerged
as an important producer of important fruits, vegetables and flowers
especially in -house. Major horticultural crops grown in Maharashtra are
Mango, Cashew nut, Banana, grapes, pomegranate, Orange vegetables like
Onion, chilli, flower crops like gerbera, carnations, roses especially under
protected cultivation.Though Maharashtra is one of the richest states in
terms of per capita income, its agric ulture performance is not up to the
mark. This is mainly due to predominant cultivation of the crops under
rainfed conditions and thereby having its low productivity. The share of
different sectors in the state income is undergoing major changes over the
years.
Secondary and tertiary sector has played major role in the economic
development of the state. However employment continued to perpetuate in
the agriculture sector leading to low productivity in this sector.
The Agriculture Policy of the State Govern ment aims at the following:
 Development of the sector on a sustainable basis by using the available
resources economically, efficiently, effectively and in an
environmentally sound manner with a view to increase farmers income
and production.
 to envelope the needs of vulnerable sections, generate both skilled and
unskilled employment and make a positive intervention towards
poverty alleviation.

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 to promote agriculture development on c ommercial and industrial
lines.
 to prepare plan of action for full exploitation of the limited water
resources.
 to im prove the working of Agricultural Universities.
 to promote farm and infrastructural facilities for post -harvest
management, storage, transport, marketing and export to ensure that
farmers will get due price for their produce.
 to improve the systems relating to Agricultural Produce Market
Committees.
Agriculture Development - Issues to be tackled in Mission Mode
Approach:
 To achieve 4 % growth rate in agriculture and allied sector.
 To promote entrepreneurship in agriculture and allied sectors to
increase net farm returns in low productivity areas.
 Crop Diversification from low value to high value crops.
 Farmers training to promote entrepreneurship in agriculture and allied
sector to increase net farm returns.
 Soil Health improvement.
 Crop diversification towards horticulture crops and creation of post -
harvest facilities and processing units for horticulture crops.
 To promote farmers fo r organic farming development.
 To promote farmers for production of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants
and establishment of processing industries.
Objectives proposed for Agriculture Development :
 Increasing production and productivity of crops.
 Timely supply of quality inputs viz. fertilizers, Insecticides, Seed etc to
farmers.
 Dissemination of technology developed in agriculture and allied sector.
 Collection of agriculture and allied data and area, production,
productivity through crop cutting experiments and use of collected data
for future planning.
 Horticulture development and soil health improvement through Mission. munotes.in

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 Use of micro -irrigation system for increasing area under irrigation&
productivity of water.
 Promotion of Agriculture Mechanization to overcome the problems of
labour shortage.
 Promotion for Organic Farming.
Check your progress
Q1. What are the aims and objectives of the Agricultural Policies of
the State?
The Government of India e ncourages farmers in taking up projects in
select areas by subsidizing a portion of the total project cost. All these
projects aim at enhancing capital investment, sustained income flow and
employment areas of national importance.
NABARD has been a proud channel partner of the Government in some of
these schemes shown in this section. Subsidy as and when received from
the concerned Ministry is passed onto the financing banks.
A) Dairy Entrepreneurship Development Scheme:
National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD)
The department of Animal Husbandry, dairying and fisheries is
implementing Dairy Entrepreneurship Development Scheme (DEDS) for
generating self -employment opportunities in the dairy sector, cover ing
activities such as enhancement of milk production, procurement,
preservation, transportation, processing and marketing of milk by
providing back ended capital subsidy for bankable projects. The scheme is
being implemented by National Bank for Agricultu re and Rural
Development (NABARD)

Dairy Entrepreneurship Development Scheme aatmnirbharsena.org
Objective of the Scheme:
1. To promote setting up of modern dairy farms for production of clean
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2. To encourage heifer calf rearing, thereby conserving good breeding
stock.
3. To bring structural changes in the unorganised sector so that initial
processing of milk can be taken up at the village level itself.
4. To upgrade the quality and traditional technology to handle milk on a
commercial scale.
5. To gene rate self -employment and provide infrastructure mainly for
unorganised sector.
Eligible Beneficiaries:
Farmers, individual entrepreneurs, NGOs, companies, groups of organised
and unorganised sectors, etc. Groups of organised sector include Self -help
Group s (SHGs), dairy cooperative
Society's, milk unions, milk federation's etc.
An individual will be eligible to avail assistance for all the components
under the scheme butonly once for each component.
More than one member of a family can be assisted under the scheme
provided they set up separate units with separate infrastructure at different
locations. The distance between the boundaries of two such farms should
be at least 500 metres.
Check your progress
Q1. Write short note on Dairy Entrepreneurship Dev elopment
Scheme.
B) Financial Institutions Eligible for Re -finance Under the Scheme:
Commercial Banks
Regional Rural and Urban Banks
State Cooperative Banks
State Cooperative Agricultural and Rural Development Banks
Other Institutions, which are eligible for refinance for NABARD
Linkage With Credit:
Assistance under the scheme shall be purely credit linked and subject to
sanctions of the project by eligible financial institutions.
Pattern Assistance:
(a) Back ended c apital subsidy @25% of the project cost for general
category and @33% for SC/ST farmers. The component wise subsidy munotes.in

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ceiling will be subjected to indicative cost arrived at by NABARD from
time to time.
(b) Entreprene ur Contribution (Margin) for loans beyond Rs. 1 lakh* -
10% of the project cost
Check your progress
Q1- Which financial institutions are eligible for refinance?
C) Commercial Production units of Organic Inputs:
Capital investment subsidy scheme for commer cial production units for
organic/biological inputs.The scheme is being implemented by the
Department of Agriculture, Cooperation and Farmers’ Welfare
(DAC&FW), Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers’ Welfare, Government of
India, through National Centre of Org anic Farming (NCOF) in
collaboration with NABARD and National Cooperative Development
Corporation (NCDC). NABARD is the subsidy channelising agency for
projects submitted to NABARD.

NABARD Scheme for Commercial Production ... agrilearner.com
The increased and indiscriminate use of chemical fertil izers and pesticides
and the deteriorating soil health and productivity is concerning people all
over the world. Growing awareness for safe and healthy food has
underlined the importance of organic farming, which is a holistic system
based on the basic pri nciple of minimising the use of external inputs and
avoiding the use of synthetic fertilizers and pesticides. In view of these
challenges, there was a need in the country to augment the infrastructure
for production of quality organic and biological inputs . Accordingly,
under the National Project on Organic Farming a Capital Investment
Subsidy Scheme for Commercial Production Units for organic/ biological
inputs was introduced in 2004 -05.
Objectives of the Scheme:
1. To promote organic farming in the country by making available organic
inputs, such as bio fertilisers, bio pesticides as well as fruit and
vegetable market waste compost and thereby generate better return for
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2. To increase agricultural product ivity while maintaining soil health and
environmental safety
3.To reduce total dependence on chemical fertilizers and pesticides by
increasing the availability and improving the quality of bio fertilisers,
bio pesticides and composts in the country
4. To c onvert organic waste into plant -nutrient resources
5. To prevent pollution and environment degradation by proper conversion
and utilisation of organic waste
6. To establish bio fertilisers and bio pesticides production units
7. To set up fruit and vegetabl e waste compost unit
Beneficiaries:
i) Individuals, group of farmers/growers, proprietary and partnership
firms, co -operatives, fertilizer industry
ii) Companies, Corporations
iii) Non -Governmental Organizations (NGOs)
iv) Agricultural Produce Market Commi ttees (APMCs)
v) Municipalities
vi) Private entrepreneurs Links for downloads
Check your progress
Q1- What are the objectives of Commercial Production units of
Organic Inputs?
D) Agri Clinic and Agri Business Centres Scheme :
The ACABC scheme is being implemented by Ministry of Agriculture and
Farmers’ Welfare, Government of India, with NABARD acting as subsidy
channelising agency.
The objectives of the scheme are –
i) To supplement efforts of public extension by providing ex tension and
other services to farmers either on payment basis or free of cost as per
business model of Agri -Preneur, local needs and affordability of target
group of farmers
ii) To support agricultural development
iii) To create gainful self -employment opportunities to unemployed
agricultural graduates, agricultural diploma holders, intermediate in
agriculture and biological science graduates with PG in Agri -related
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Agri -Clinics:
Agri-Clinics are envisaged to p rovide expert advice and services to
farmers on various aspects to enhance productivity of crops/animals and
increase the incomes of farmers.
Agri-Clinics provide support in the following areas:
 Soil health
 Cropping practices
 Plant protection
 Crop insuran ce Post-harvest technology Clinical services for animals,
feed and fodder managementPrices of various crops in the market,
etc.

AGRI -CLINICS AND AGRI -BUSINESS SERVICES ... slideshare.net
Agri -Business Centres
Agri-Business Centres are commercial units of Agri -ventures established
by trained agriculture professionals. These ventures may include
maintenance and custom hiring of farm equipment, sale of inputs and
other services in agriculture and allied areas, including post -harvest
management and market linkages for income generation and
entre preneurship development.The scheme covers full financial support
for training and handholding, provision of loan and credit -linked back -end
composite subsidy.
List of Beneficiaries
a) Graduates in agriculture and allied subjects from State Agriculture
Universities (SAUs)/Central Agricultural Universities/Universities
recognised by ICAR/UGC. Degree in Agriculture and allied subjects
offered by other agencies are also considered subject to approval of
Department of Agriculture & Cooperation, Government of India, on
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b) Diploma (with at least 50% marks)/Post Graduate Diploma holders in
Agriculture and allied subjects from State Agricultural Universities,
State Agriculture and Allied Departments and State Department of
Technical Education.
c) Diploma in Agriculture and allied subjects offered by other agencies are
also considered subject to approval of Department of Agriculture,
Cooperation & Farmers’ Welfare, Government of India, on
recommendation of the State Government.
d) Biological Science Graduates with Post Graduation in Agriculture &
allied subjects
e) Degree courses recognised by UGC having more than 60 percent of the
course content in Agriculture and allied subjects
f) Diploma /Post Graduate Diploma courses with more than 60 percent of
course content in Agriculture and allied subjects, after B.Sc. with
Biological Sciences, from recognised colleges and universities.
g) Agriculture related courses at Intermediate (i.e. plus two) l evel, with at
least 55% marks.
Check your progress
Q1- Write short note on Agri Clinic and Agri Business Centres
Scheme.
E) National Livestock Mission:
National Livestock Mission is an initiative of the Ministry of Agriculture
and Farmers’ Welfare. The mi ssion, which commenced from 2014 -15, has
the objective of sustainable development of the livestock sector.NABARD
is the subsidy channelising agency for following schemes, under
Entrepreneurship Development & Employment Generation (EDEG)
component of Nation al Livestock Mission.
a) Poultry Venture Capital Fund (PVCF)
b) Integrated Development of Small Ruminants and Rabbit (IDSRR)
c) Pig Development (PD)
d) Salvaging and Rearing of Male Buffalo Calves (SRMBC)
e) Effective Animal Waste Management
f) Construct ion of Storage Facility for Feed and Fodder
List of Beneficiaries :
 Farmers, individual entrepreneurs
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 Companies
 Cooperatives
 Groups of organized and unorganized sector which include Self - Help
Groups (SHGs) and Joint Liability Groups (JLGs)
Eligible financial institutions :
 Commercial Banks
 Regional Rural Banks
 State Cooperative Banks
 State Cooperative Agriculture and Rural Development Banks
 Other institutions eligible for refinance from NABARD
Check your progress
Q1- Write note on National Livestock Mission.
F) GSS – Ensuring End Use of Subsidy Released:
To ensure end use of subsidy released under various schemes of
Government of India routed through NABARD, the banks have been
advised to ensure that credit and subsidy are not misused by ben eficiaries.
In the event of such misuse, the financing bank is required to refund the
subsidy released in respect of the unit concerned to NABARD
immediately.
G) Interest Subvention Scheme:
The Honourable Finance Minister in his budget speech (para 49) for
2006 -07 announced that the Government had decided to ensure that
farmers receive short term credit at 7% with an upper limit of Rs. 3.00
lakh on the principal amount. The policy came into force with effect from
Kharif 2006 -07. The amount of subvention was to be calculated on the
amount of crop loan from the date of disbursement up to the actual date of
repayment of the crop loan by the farmer or up to the due date of the loan
fixed by the banks, whichever is earlier, subject to a maximum period of
one year.
In pursuance of this announcement, the Government of India provided
interest subvention of 2% to Public Sector Banks, Regional Rural Banks
(RRBs) and Co -operative Banks in respect of short -term production credit
up to Rs. 3 lakh provided to farmers out of their own resources, provided
that they make available short -term credit @ 7% p.a. at ground level.
Private Sector Banks (in respect of loans given by their rural and semi
urban branches) are also covered under the scheme from the year 2013 -14
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A.Incentive to farmers on prompt repayments
Since the year 2009 -10, the Government of India introduced additional
subvention of 1% to farmers as an incentive for repaying the loans
promptly i.e. on or before the due date or the d ate fixed by the bank,
subject to a maximum period of one year. It has been increased to 2% for
2010 -11 and 3% from 2011 -12.
B. Relief to farmers
To provide relief to farmers affected by natural calamities, Interest
Subvention of 2% has been made availabl e to banks for the first year on
restructured amount of crop loans. Such restructured loans will attract
normal rate of interest from the second year onwards as per the policy laid
down by the RBI.
Interest Subvention to Small and Marginal Farmers against
Negotiable Warehouse Receipts
In order to discourage distress sale of produce by farmers and to
encourage them to store their produce in warehouses against warehouse
receipts, Government of India had introduced a scheme in 2011 -12 for
extending concessional loans to the farmers against negotiable warehouse
receipts.The benefit of 2% interest subvention will be available to banks
on their own funds involved for extending credit support up to Rs 3 l akh at
7% interest per annum to Small and Marginal farmers (SF/MF) having
Kisan Credit Card for a further period of up to six months post the harvest
of the crop against Negotiable Warehouse Receipts issued on the produce
stored in warehouses accredited wi th Warehousing Development
Regulatory Authority.SF/MF, who have not availed crop loans through
banking system, would not be eligible.
Interest subvention on working capital to Animal Husbandry and
Fisheries
The Government of India has extended the Interest subvention Scheme on
KCC issued to crop loan farmers to the KCC issued to Animal Husbandry
and Fisheries farmers from 2018 -19. Interest subvention of 2% to banks
and 3% to farmers towards Prompt Repayment incentive is extended on
short -term loans up to Rs 2 lakh to animal husbandry and fisheries farmers
apart from the existing KCC for crop loans, provided the loans are
extended by banks @7% per annum. In case of farmers possessing KCC
for raising crops and involved in activities related to Animal Husbandry
and/ or Fisheries, the Interest Subvention on short -term loan is available
on an overall limit of Rs.3 lakh per annum.The Govt of India has issued
instruction that Interest Subvention to Banks and Prompt Repayment
Incentive to farmers will be available on ly against KCCs from 1 April,
2020.
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Check your progress
Q1- Answer in brief: Interest Subvention Scheme
H) New Agricultural Marketing Infrastructure:
1. New Agricultural Marketing Infrastructure (AMI) sub -scheme of
Integrated Scheme for Agricultural Mar keting (ISAM) - Operational
Guidelines Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers' Welfare, Government of
India vide their letter Ref. No. 19l2/1/20l8/M -II. dated 5 November 20l8
have issued the operational guidelines for the new Agricultural Marketing
Infrastructu re (AMI) sub -scheme of Integrated Scheme for Agricultural
marketing (ISAM). The scheme will be implemented by the Departmentof
Agriculture, Cooperation & Farmers' Welfare, Gol through the Directorate
of Marketing & Inspection (DMI).
2. The erstwhile Grame en Bhandaran Yojana (GBY) implemented since
0l.04.200l and Scheme for Development/ Strengthening of AMI, Grading
& Standardisation (AMIGS) implemented since 20.10.2004 were
subsumed into AMI sub -scheme of ISAM since 0l.04.20l4. The AMI
scheme was for XII P lan (20l2 -17) and the scheme was discontinued.
3. The new scheme has been approved for implementation from 22
October 20l8 for the period conterminous with the 14th Finance
Commission i.e. upto 31 March 2020. Accordingly, the revised guidelines
for the su b-scheme AMI will be effective for new credit linked projects for
which term loan is sanctioned by the Fl on or after 22 October 20l8 to
31.03.2020. - The operational guidelines for the new scheme are enclosed.
4. The sub -scheme AMI lays special focus on d eveloping and upgrading
of GraminHaats as Grams through strengthening of infrastructure. These
Grams may function as farmer -consumer market (retail market) and
collection/ aggregation points (spokes) with linkages to secondarymarket
(hub) with participatio n of FPOs and other eligible promoters.
Enhancement of farmers' income is central to the scheme.
5. The AMI scheme envisages back -ended capital subsidy for credit linked
investment in eligible storage and in marketing infrastructure projects. The
eligible subsidy is 25% or 33.33% of the capital cost depending upon the
area and category of beneficiary.
6. NABARD will release subsidy under the scheme to all. The institutions
which are eligible for NABARD refinance and to such other institutions
Gol may appr ove for the purpose. It may be noted that time limits have
been prescribed in the guidelines for each stage from submission of
documents by FI to release of final subsidy. On receipt of subsidy by FI,
the Utilization Certificate should be submitted by the FI within 6o days of
receipt of final subsidy.
7. NABARD will also provide refinance to Commercial Banks, RRBs,
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Primary Cooperative Banks (PCBs), North Eastern Development Financial
Corporation (NEDFC), etc., as per the extent policy. The rate of interest
on refinance will be as decided by NABARD from time to time. Refinance
proposal may be submitted as per existing procedure.
Check your progress
Q1- Write in detail New Agricultural Marketing In frastructure.
I) Formulation of Special Long Term Refinance Schemes:
To address the issue of rural migration and to give boost to the agriculture
and rural sector in the post COVID era, NABARD introduced three
special refinance schemes as detailed under.
1) Special Long Term Refinance Scheme for Transformation of
PACSs as MSC:
The scheme intends to develop all the potential PACS as Multi Service
Centres (MSCs) over a period of three years commencing from the year
2020 -by providing concessional refinance to SCBs at 3% to support PACS
to create quality infrastructure (capital assets) and increase their business
portfolio in tune with needs of members. Under this line of credit,
NABARD has envisaged transformation of 35,000 PACS in three years
commencing with t he transformation of 5,000 PACS in FY21 and for
subsequent years 15,000 PACS each during FY22 and FY23. Rs.5000
crore have been earmarked under this special dispensation for the year
2020 -21. The ultimate interest rate to be charged from PACS will not be
more than 1% over & above the interest rate charged by NABARD and
will be shared by SCBs& CCB as per the mutually agreed terms.
Repayment period of refinance will be up to 7 years.So far, 3055 PACS
were given in -principle sanction with estimated project cos t of Rs.1760.82
cr. and estimated bank loan of Rs.1568 cr. by NABARD.
2) Special Long Term Refinance Scheme for beneficiaries of the
Watershed and Wadi Project areas:
The objectives of the scheme is to promote sustainable economic
activities, livelihood a nd employment opportunities for the beneficiaries in
NABARD supported watershed and wadi project areas by encouraging
banks to lend at concessional rate to these beneficiaries to address the
issue of rural migration and to give boost to the agriculture and rural
sector in the post COVID era.
The refinance will be available to all the eligible banks/FIs at 3% for
maximum 5 years. The revised ultimate lending rate to be charged by
banks/FIs under the scheme is revise as 06 months MCLR+1% or
EBLR+2.5% whichev er is lower. NABARD has earmarked refinance
amount of Rs.5000 crore during 2020 -21 to 2022 -23.
Regional offices of NABARD are finalizing the Banking Plans in
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3) Special Long Term Refinance Scheme for promoting Mi cro Food
Processing Activities.
The objectives of the scheme is to encourage banks to lend micro -food
processing activities and create sustainable livelihood and employment
opportunities for rural youth as well as reverse migrants due to COVID -19
pandemic in the rural areas.
The scheme also envisages modernization and enhancing the
competitiveness of the existing individual micro enterprises and ensure
their transition to formal sector in rural areas. The refinance scheme will
give fillip to the recently launched “PM Scheme fo r Formalisation of
Micro food processing Enterprises (PM FME)” under Aatmanirbhar
Bharat Abhiyan by Ministry of Food Processing Industries (MFPI),
Government of India under which about Rs.25,000 crore investment is
expected in the sector. The concessional refinance at 4% is available to
eligible financial institutions viz., commercial banks, SFBs, SCBs, RRBs
and NABARD subsidiaries.
4) Structured Finance and Partial Guarantee Programme to NBFC -
MFIs:
The National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (N ABARD)
has introduced a dedicated debt and credit guarantee product to ensure
unhindered flow of credit in rural areas hit by the Covid -19 pandemic. The
product - Structured Finance and Partial Guarantee Programme to NBFC -
MFIs -entails providing partial gua rantee on pooled loans extended to
small and mid -sized micro finance institutions (MFIs). “The partially
guaranteed loan facility will catalyse much -needed financing to millions
of households, agricultural and business markets to sustain in the post
Covid -19 environment.
It will help facilitate Rs 2,500 crore funding in the initial phase and is
expected to be scaled up. The programme is expected to cover over 1
million households across 28 states and 650 districts, the release said. The
pooled loan issuanc e (PLI) structure provides the lending bank adequate
comfort through NABARD’s partial credit protection, reduces cost of
capital as the rating of the loans gets notched up and helps lenders meet
priority sector goals. This structure will pool together the risk of multiple
borrowers and add a layer of partial first loss credit enhancement from a
highly rated guarantor.
Check your progress
Q1- Answer in detail: Formulation of Special Long Term Refinance
Schemes
1.3 SCHEMES IMPLEMENTED BY PANCHAYAT RAJ:
Being the nodal Ministry for most of the development and welfare
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pivotal role in the overall development strategy of the country. The vision
and mission of the Ministry is sustainable and inclusive growth of rural
India through a multipronged strategy for eradication of poverty by
increasing livelihoods opportunities, providing social safety net and
developing infrastructure for growth. This is expected to improve quality
of life in rural I ndia and to correct the developmental imbalances, aiming
in the process, to reach out to most disadvantaged sections of the society.
The Ministry of Rural Development consists of two Departments, viz.,
Department of Rural Development, Department of Land Resources.
Broadly, the aims of the Ministry of Rural Development are:
a) Providing livelihood opportunities to those in need including women
and other vulnerable sections with focus on Below Poverty Line (BPL)
households.
b) Providing for the enhancement of livelihood security of households in
rural areas by providing at least 100 days of guaranteed wage
employment in every financial year to every household demanding it.
c) Provision of all -weather rural connectivity to unconn ected rural
habitations and upgradation of existing roads to provide market access.
d) Providing basic housing and homestead to BPL household in rural
areas.
e) Providing social assistance to the elderly, widow and disabled persons.
f) Providing urban amen ities in rural areas for improvement of quality of
rural life.
g) Capacity development and training of rural development functionaries.
h) Promoting involvement of voluntary agencies and individuals for rural
development.
i) Restoring lost or depleted prod uctivity of the land. This is done through
watershed development programmes and initiating effective land
reform measures for providing land to the landless rural poor.
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Rural Development & Panchayat Raj ... rdd.maharashtra.gov.in
1) Pilgrim Development Program:
The number of pilgrims/pilgrims continuously increasing day by day in
the places of pilgrimage in rural areas is increasing steadily. At such
places, devotees and pilgrims are not able to provide various facilities to
the local self -government organizations (e.g. Gram Panchayat) due to their
poor income. Therefore, the government has started a scheme to pro vide
the subsidy to the local self -government institutions for development of
pilgrimage in rural areas.
2) Finance Commission:
The Finance Commission is a Constitutionally mandated body that is at
the centre of fiscal federalism. Set up under Article 280 of the
Constitution, its core responsibility is to evaluate the state of finances of
the Union and State Governments, recommend the sharing of taxes
between them, lay down the principles determining the distribution of
these taxes among States. Its working is characterised by extensive and
intensive consultations with all levels of governments, thus strengthening
the principle of cooperative federalism. Its recommendations are also
geared towards improving the quality of public spending and promoting
fiscal stability. The first Finance Commission was set up in 1951 and there
have been fifteen so far. Each of them has faced its own unique set of
challenges.
The Fifteenth Finance Commission was constituted on 27 November 2017
against the backdrop of the abolit ion of Planning Commission (as also of
the distinction between Plan and non -Plan expenditure) and the
introduction of the goods and services tax (GST), which has
fundamentally redefined federal fiscal relations.
The Terms of Reference of the current Commis sion have some distinctive
features, including recommending monitorable performance criteria for
important national flagship programmes and examining the possibility of
setting up a permanent non lapsable funding for India’s defence needs.
The reorganisati on of the State of Jammu and Kashmir into two Union
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Territories – one of Jammu and Kashmir and one of Ladakh – presents a
new dynamic. On the whole the Finance Commission faces new
challenges in the process of the evolution of our federal polity. As an
important Constitutional entity, the Commission is committed to balancing
competing claims and priorities among all three tiers of government in a
credible manner.
3) Environmental balanced prosperous village development:
Gramothathan campaign has been started to bring sustainable village
development in the state on the occasion of the Golden Jubilee Year of the
establishment of Maharashtra State. This development is expected by
people's initiatives, in the financial, technical and admi nistrative
collaboration of the government in the three areas of Physical, Livelihood.
This is a program for quality physical infrastructure. An important
principle in sustainable rural development is that in order to create high -
quality copies of the mate rial at one place in the village, it should be
considered beforehand that how natural resources can be used to maintain
a sustainable environment.
Increasing the population of the day and the loss of natural resources is
going down, so many topics like 'Gl obal Warming' are being rooted. The
need of the hour is to create an affluent and prosperous village by
conserving, saving and protecting the environment, so the Government
started the Environmental Balanced Village Scheme in the year 2010 -11.
The purpose of this scheme is to provide sustainable development of the
village by maintaining ecological balance.

Rural Development ... rdd.maharashtra.gov.in
The objectives of this scheme are as follows:
1) Develop people's resources for the devel opment of natural resources
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2) Ensuring environmental awareness, providing the facility of eco -
village and building a rich village.
3) For the purpose of coordinating the plans of village level different
schemes of various departments of the state government and
implementing such schemes, new plans and programs need to be
implemented, to implement the scheme, to initiate such programs
/schemes by the Rural Development Department.
4) Developing large village council a s development centres.
Works Undertaken Under The Scheme:
This scheme received by the government from the government, grants for
nursery and tree conservation, management of solid waste in the village
(primarily using collection and processing, using vario us biological and
environment -friendly technologies), village waste management, drainage,
street lighting, solar street lights, non -renewable energy Development and
use (wind, solar, Organic, etc.), Provide basic amenities to the
construction of cremation ground and other necessary facilities for it,
building the memory gardens, village boundaries under village council,
and construction of gutters, parks and buses, Rajiv Gandhi Bharat Nirman
Village Facilitation Centre, other innovative projects for environ mental -
sustainable development etc.
Check your progress
Q1-What are the objectives of and work undertaken by
Environmental balanced prosperous village development?
4) Special program for basic amenities like roads, drains and other
under -rural villages suggested by peoples representatives (Scheme No.
2515 -1238) :
Due to lack of adequate funds for the development of basic facilities
development work in villages, the villagers have to face many problems.
For this, there is a demand for funding from the public representatives for
basic services. Considering this fact, the government has started the
scheme to provide the basic facilities of the rural people suggested by the
people's representatives.
This scheme was implemented by Zill a Parishad. However, to avoid the
confusion regarding the basic amenities suggested by the people's
representatives, and for the purpose of giving more precision and
coherence to the methodology implemented under this scheme, the
authority for the purpose of this application, selective works, inspection
etc.

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A) Authorities and Public Representatives to apply:
Representatives from A) MP B) MLA c) Members of Zilla Parishad,
Panchayat Samiti and Gram Panchayat should present their proposals for
works p roposed directly from the village development department.
B) Work to be taken under the Scheme:
Storm Water Drainage; Improvement of combustion and burial ground;
Construction of guard walls, gram panchayat office; Facilities for
weekdays, Garbage depot in the village; Facilities for primary processing;
Planting and protection of trees in public place; Social Hall. / Community
temple, public toilets, road blocking of roads, construction of gymnasium
/akhada, shelter -shed, Construction of library, constructi on of river basin,
garden and beautification, streetlights, beautification of the chowkies and
other basic issues.
The decision of which work will be done every year in order to be
properly functioning from this fund, at the government level.
C) Right to Select Works:
The government will have all the rights to choose the works suggested by
the representatives of the people.
D) Implementation Mechanism:
It will be decided at the government level that the work related to this
work will be decided by t he respective public representatives, which
means the Gram Panchayat, Zilla Parishad or another department of the
government, and it will be final.
E) Utility Certificate:
It will be the responsibility of implementing the implementation system
which will b e given to the implementing system and its utility
certificate.
a) Gram Vikas Department will have the right to change the exceptional
conditions in the work sanctioned at the government level.
b) In accordance with the instructions and procedure as wel l as the works
of the Gram Panchayat as mentioned in Govt. The Decision, Village
Development Department no. ZPA - 2011 / 10/10/09, March 25, 2015,
if the Government decides to make the works approved under this
scheme, by the Gram Panchayat. Gram Panchayat to revise the
financial limit of the time in which the revised limit will be
amended.
c) On granting development works to the Gram Panchayat system, the
funds will be distributed to the Zilla Parishad Chief Executive Officer
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d) The Gram Panchayat should have the quality and quality of work done
by the Government from time to time, if it is not the same, then the
Gram Panchayat's Sarpanch, Gram Sevak and Contractor / related
agencies will be held responsible and collectively responsible.
e) Direct funds should be made available to those systems while doing
work through other machinery. Also, it is mandatory to work with the
system and follow the prevailing procedure.
Check your progress
Q1- Answer in brief: Special program for basic amenities like roads,
drains and other under -rural villages suggested by peoples
representatives ( Scheme No. 2515 -1238).
5) Special grant for Public Health to the Gram Panchayats:
A special grant is a district -level scheme for the benefit of the Gram
Panchayats, and the planning department provides funds to the District
Planning Committee for this scheme.
6) Chief Minister Gram Sadak Yojana:
The Government of India recognizes the importance of rural connectivity
in improving rural livelihoods and alleviating poverty. In 2000, the
Government of India launched the Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana
(PMGSY), a national plan to improve connectivity by constructing all -
weather roads to eligible unconnected habitations in rural areas. Under the
PMGSY, the Maharashtra state government as of 2018 had completed
upgrading about 25,600 kilometers (km) of roads, connecting 8,315
habitations. Following the PM GSY model, the state government in 2016
launched the Mukhya Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (MMGSY) program to
connect villages by improving roads in remote rural areas that had not
been reached by the PMGSY.11 The MMGSY aims to cover 30,000 km of
rural roads ove r 5 years. By January 2019, the state had completed
upgrading about 7,000 km of roads under the MMGSY.
The state government’s Vision 2030 presents a five -pillar strategy to
achieve sustainable, balanced, and inclusive socioeconomic development,
with a foc us on (i) agriculture, (ii) infrastructure, (iii) industry, (iv) the
social sector, and (v) governance. In agriculture, the state aims to increase
the average annual growth rate to more than 5% by 2030. To reach this
target, the state will take measures to improve the productivity of
horticulture and floriculture, and promote commercialization, and value
addition to agricultural products. In terms of infrastructure, Vision 2030
envisions building quality, reliable, sustainable, safe, and affordable roads
that are accessible to all. The infrastructure plan includes provisions to
improve national and state highways and rural road networks to establish
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road network using its own resources and assistance from international
development partners.
7) Assistant grants for Zilla Parishad and Panchayat Samiti Building:
1. As per the 73rd amendment, panchayat Raj institutions are to be
strengthened and panchayat Raj institutions will continue to cont ribute to
the successful implementation of various government schemes for
development. For this panchayat samiti administrative office should be in
good condition.
2. On this backdrop, the cost of construction/rebuilding of the existing
zilla parishad and Panchayat samiti and dilapidated administrative and
residential buildings along with the state government (through the village
development department) is done.

Panchayat Samiti Building ... rdd.maharashtra.gov.in
3. Under thi s scheme, administrative approval is given by zilla parishad to
the proposals of the reconstruction of the administrative and residential
buildings of the zilla parishad and panchayat samiti. Funds are provided to
the Local Body Institutions in the form of grants for the construction of
administrative and residential buildings as per demand/requirement of zilla
parishad for construction.
Summary:
Government of Maharashtra is committed for overall social and economic
development. In order to make farmer self-sufficient and independent,
farmer centric agriculture development programmes will be planned and
executed for uplifting economic status of the farmers. Agriculture
development should be sustainable and eco -friendly and accordingly it is
planned to ut ilize infrastructure judicious, efficient and effectively. Special
focus will be given towards the progress of economically and socially
backward and weaker sections and promoting development of skilled and
unskilled employment generation especially in rur al areas. It is proposed
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commercialization so that this sector will also be at apex like industry and
commerce.
The Government of India encourages farmers in taking up projects in
select areas by subsidizing a portion of the total project cost. All these
projects aim at enhancing capital investment, sustained income flow and
employment areas of national importance.
NABARD has been a proud channel partner of the Government in some o f
these schemes shown in this section. Subsidy as and when received from
the concerned Ministry is passed onto the financing banks.
Self-Study:
Q – 01. Write a note on Agricultural Policies in Maharashtra.
Q – 02.Q- Write short note on :
1. E-NAM
2. Pradh an Mantri Krishi Sinchai Yojana (PMKSY)
3. Paramparagat Krishi Vikas Yojana (PKVY)
4. Pradhan Mantri FasalBima Yojana (PMFBY)
5. GraminBhandaranYojna
6. National Mission For Sustainable Agriculture (NMSA)
7. Dairy Entrepreneurship Development Scheme
8. Agri clinic and Agri business Centres Scheme
Q – 03. Answer in short
1. Livestock insurance Scheme
2. Scheme on Fisheries Training and Extension
3. National Scheme on Welfare of Fishermen
4. Micro Irrigation Fund (MIF)
5. National Livestock Mission.
Q – 04. Answer in Brief:
1. Interest Subvention Scheme
2. Special program for basic amenities like roads, drains and other under -
rural villages suggested by peoples representatives (Scheme No. 2515 -
1238)
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Q – 05. Write in Detail:
1. New Agricultural Marketin g Infrastructure.
2.Formulation of Special Long Term Refinance Schemes
Q – 06.What are the aims and objectives of the Agricultural policies of the
state?
Q – 07.Which financial institutions are eligible for refinance?
Q – 08.What are the objectives of Comm ercial production units of organic
inputs?
Q – 09.What are the objectives of and work undertaken by Environmental
balanced prosperous village development?
References:
 https://www.indiatoday.in › gk -current -affairs › story › 1...
 https://niti.gov.in/writereaddata/files/Maharashtra_Report_0.pdf
 https://www.nabard.org/content1.aspx?id=23&catid=23&mid=530
 https://www.nabard.org/auth/writereaddata/ tender/cir no. 199.pdf
 https://www.nabard.org/auth/writereaddata/tender/1709200741Cir_24
4_E.pdf
 https://www.nabard.org/auth/writereaddata/tender/1709201406Cir_25
1_E.pdf
 https://pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1575524
 http://www.mahatribal.gov.in/Site/Upload/Pdf/Welfare%20of%20Bac
kward%20Classes.pdf?MenuID=1148
 https://rural.nic.in/about -us/about -ministry
 https://pradeshyojana.in/birsa -munda -krushi -kranti -yojana -2021/#1
 https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/project -
documents/52328/52328 -001-pp-en.pdf
 https://fincomindia.nic.in/

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2
STUDY OF AGRICULTURAL POLICIES – II
Dr. Dilip S. Patil

Unit Structure:
2.1 Schemes implemented by Department of Tribal Development
2.2 Summary:
2.3 Self Study:
2.1 SCHEMES IMPLEMENTED BY DEPARTMENT OF
TRIBAL DEVELOPMENT:
The schemes of the Ministry of Tribal Affairs are demand driven and
funding are made in various sectors including for employment -cum-
income generation and covers activities such as establishment of
Agro/Forest/Natural Resource based micro / village industries through
training of tribal cooperatives, SHGs and individual entrepreneurs,
promotion and skill development in traditional tribal culture areas like
tribal jewellery, painting, dance forms, music and culinary art, Village
tourism, Eco -tourism, et c. The scheme of Mechanism for Marke ting of
Minor Forest Produce (MFP) through Minimum Support Price (MSP) and
Development of Value Chain for MFP covers various activities including
procurement of MFPs when their market price falls below their notified
MSP, setting up/expansion of storage fa cilities, expanding the knowledge
base on MFP, training for sustainable collection, value addition, etc.
The activities involving expanding knowledge base, training for
sustainable collection, value addition, etc. are done through by the
Ministry and the Central Government bears 100% of the expenditure
incurred for these activities.While there is no proposal to introduce a
separate scheme/policy on this matter, Ministry of Tribal Affairs desired
to brand the activities being undertaken by it under the exis ting scheme of
Mechanism for Marketing of Minor Forest Produce (MFP) through
Minimum Support Price (MSP) and Development of Value Chain for MFP
as “Van Dhan Vikas Karyakram ”.

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Van Dhan Yojana by TRIFED on Twitter ... twitter.com
Van Dhan Vikas Karyakram is a training and development of value chain
comp onents of the scheme of Mechanism for Marketing of Minor Forest
Produce (MFP) through Minimum Support Price (MSP) and Development
of Value Chain for MFP. The Tribal Development Department was
reorganised in 1992, so as to be more accountable to the functio ns
entrusted to it.
Welfare of Backward Classes One of the directive principles of State
policy in the constitution of India, ensures that the state should promote
with special care, the educational and economic interests of weaker
sections of the people and in particular of the scheduled caste & scheduled
tribes and protect them from social injustice and all form of exploitation.
In pursuance of this Directive in the Constitution, programmes for
educational, economic and social emancipation of backward classes have
formed an important place in the five -year plans.In so far as the Scheduled
Tribes are concerned, the Tribal Sub -Plan (TSP) takes care of their social,
economic and educational problems.

Tribal Sub -Plan in Maharashtracdnbbsr.s3waas.gov.in
Taking into consideration the size of the tribal population, the State
Government has made substantial provisions in the TSP for the welfare of
Tribal, in the form of giving scholarships to the stude nts, running of
Government hostels, running of Government Ashram Schools, aided
ashram schools, pre -recruitment training centres, etc.

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Check your progress
Q1- Write short note on the Schemes implemented by Department of
Tribal Development.
The State Level S tructure of the Administration is as follows:


















Source: Annual Tribal Sub Plan 2013 –14, TDD, p.2
The main schemes implemented under this Sector are described below:
1. Government Ashram Schools : The Tribal Development Department
running residential ashram schools in hilly and remote areas of
Maharashtra for social, cultural and educational development of tribal. In
the Maharashtra Tribal Development Department is running 552 Govt.
Ashram Schools .
2. Junior College (attached to Govt. Ashram Schools): The Govt. of
Maharashtra has also started 67 Junior colleges attached to the secondary
Ashram Schools from 1999 –2000. s. All facilities like lodging, boarding ,
education material and other amenitie s are provided free at gov ernment
cost.
3. Education in aided Ashram Schools : In the Year 2014 -15 there are
556 aided Ashram Schools in the state. These voluntary organisations
running ashram schools are getting 100% grants from government on the
pay and allowances of the teaching and non -teaching staff and
maintenance grant at the rate of Rs. 500 per month per child. Voluntary
Organisations are also grants at the rate of 3 Lacks for the construction of
Primary school buildings and Rs. 5 Lacks for the pos t-basic Ashram
Schools.

Minister, Tribal Development
Minister of State, Tribal Development
Secretary, Tribal Development Department
Commissioner, (Tribal
Development) at Nashik
Additional Tribal
Commissioners (4)
Project Officers (29) 1. Maharashtra State Co -operative Tribal
Development Corporation at Nashik Tribal Research & Training Institute, Pune Scheduled Tribes Caste Certificate
Scrutiny Committee (8) 2. Shabari Adivasi Finance and
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4. Government Hostels for Tribal Students : Gov ernment hostels have
been started at Divisional/District/Tahsil places in order to attract the tribal
students to pursue higher studies. At present under the Tribal
Development Departm ent out of 495 approved Gov ernment Hostels, 487
Govt. Hostels are running in the state. These hostel provide residential
facilities to 49539 tribal students (31622 Boys & 17917 girls). In
Government Hostel tribal students are admitted on purely merit basis .
About 100 students are admitted in each hostel. At Taluka & District level
10% seats are reserved for secondary school going students 25% reserved
for Jr. College students & 65% reserved for Sr. College students whereas
as at Divisional level 20% seats a re reserved for Sr. College students &
80% for Sr. College students free lodging & boarding facilities are
provided & all educational equipment such as text book, reference books
etc are also supplied.
5. Maintenance Allowance To Scheduled Tribe Students Staying In
Hostels Attached To Professional Courses: Since the intake capacity of
Government hostels is limited tribal students are allowed and encouraged
to stay in the hostel attached to professional colleges like medical,
engineering, veterinary college s and they are given maintenance
allowance at the rate of Rs. 100 per month limited to 10 months per
students in addition to Government of India Scholarship admissible to
them.
6. Travelling Allowance and Scholarship for the Handicapped
students who are s tudying in 8th to 12th Std.: Considering the problem
of handicaps, and to allow them to get the education compared to others,
Govt. has started the scheme of Rs. 100/ - of Travelling Allowance and
Scholarship of Rs.500/ - P.M. for tribal handicapped student.
7. Scheme of Pre -Matric Scholarship for the State Tribal Students:
The efforts to reduce the drop -out rate has been a priority for the Govt.
However, it has been proposed to start Pre Secondary Golden Jubilee
Tribal Scholarship Scheme according to G.R. Dated 31st May 2011 of
Tribal Development Dept. for the Tribal Students learning in the 1st Std. to
10th Standard from the year 2010 -11. This scheme is not for Govt and
aided ashram schools. To give scholarship bank account opening in local
Bank process ha s been started. Under this Scheme Rs. 1000/ - for Std. 1th
to Std 4th Students, Rs.1500/ - for Std. 5 to 7th Students and Rs.2000/ - for
Std. 8th to 10th Students have been given as Scholarship.
8. Establishment of Model Schools for Scheduled Tribe Students:
Government has started two Model Schools at Deomogara, Tal. Navapur,
Dist. Nandurbar and at Bhandardara, Tal. Akole, Dist. Ahmednagar .
These schools have been set up on the lines of Vidya Niketan and
Navodaya Vidyalaya. These two schools are exclusively meant for tribal
students & they provide opportunity to them to achieve higher merit in
academic as well as extra -curricular activities including sport. Admissions
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9. Eklavya Model Engli sh Medium Residential Schools : The
Government of Maharashtra with the as sistance of the Central
Government Under Article 275(1) of the constitution has established four
English Medium Eklavya Residential Schools at (1) Kambalgaon Tal.
Palghar, Dist. Thane. (2) Mundhegaon Tal. Igatpuri, Dist. Nashik (3)
Chikhaldara Dist. Amravati. (4) Khairee -Parsoda, Tal. Ramtek, Dist.
Nagpur. Further these schools are affiliated to Central Board of Secondary
Education (CBSC), New Delhi. In all 510 tribal boys and 340 triba l girls
are getting benefit of education in the said schools. The Government of
India has sanctioned 9 such schools, out of which the above mentioned 4
schools have been started since 2000 -2001 with 5th standard. The object of
setting up of these public sc hools is

EKLAVYA RESIDENTIAL SCHOOL MUNDHEGAON ...
thelearningpoint.net
to provide quality education to tribal students. Accordingly teaching staff
of better quality is to be deputed from Education and Tribal Development
Department for these schools and they are to be paid better salaries. These
schools are managed by Maharash tra Tribal Schools Society, the
Chairman of which is the Principle Secretary, Tribal Development
Department and the member secretary is Commissioner, Tribal
Development, Nashik.
10. Cash Awards for meritorious students of 10th and 12th standards:
In order to encourage brilliant tribal students of 10th& 12th standards in the
schools under Tribal Development Department, cash Awards are given
under this scheme. The first three students (3 girls & 3 boys) at the State
level are awarded Rs.35000/ -, Rs.25,000/ - & Rs.15,000/ - respectively in
10th as well as 12th standards. Besides this, an amount of Rs.1,000/ - per
month is also given to these students. Hence, there are six awards each for
10th as well as 12th standards. Apart from the above there are, divisional
education board level cash awards also. In this the first three tribal
students of 10th& 12th standards. (3 girls & 3 boys) are awarded
Rs.25,000/ -, Rs.15,000/ - & Rs.10,000/ - respectively. Besides this an
amount Rs.1,000/ - per month is also awarded to these students.
11. Cash Awards to Ashram Schools: In order to bring healthy
competition among schools, the Government has introduced monetary
awards for Government Ashram Schools as well as Grant -in-aid schools.
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The schools are graded on the basis of merit of students in board
examinations and other facilities & activities. Accordingly, the schools
that stand 1st, 2nd and 3rd in merit of its students in the board examinations,
are paid Rs. 5.00 lakh, Rs. 3.00 lakh and Rs.1.00 lakh each. This award
has been ins tituted during the year 2003 -04 and there are separate sets of 3
awards for Government Ashram Schools as well as for Grant -in-aid
Schools.
12. Computer Training for the students and teachers of Government
Ashram Schools: In the present competitive era, it is essential for the
students and teachers to have computer literacy with a view to upgrade the
standard of the education. Therefore, the scheme of imparting computer
training to the tribal students studying from VIIIth to XIIth standards has
been sanctio ned. The duration of the training is six months with minimum
20 days in a month.
13. In -Service Training Program. Training Centres for the teachers in
Govt./Aided Ashram Schools of Tribal Development Department:
Government has taken a decision to start 8 training centres for the teachers
in the Government/aided Ashram Schools of Tribal Development
Department. These schools are under the control of Commissioner, Tribal
Development department in the jurisdiction of Additional Commissioner,
Thane, Nashik, Nag pur, Amravati. Under this scheme, 200 training
sessions will be arranged for teachers in the state. Certain teachers will be
selected as master trainers in each school. They will give the training of 5
to 10 days to all the teachers of all subjects in the concerned projects. In
the above 8 training centres, teachers of Government and aided Ashram
Schools will be given the benefit of training.
14. Pre - Military & Police Training Centres: There is backlog of the
scheduled tribes in the recruitment to State P olice Force, Central Reserve
Force, Army etc. The state Government has, therefore, established 9 pre -
recruitment training centres at Nashik, Jawhar (Thane), Nandurbar, Rajur
(Ahamadnagar), Ambegaon (Pune), Kinwat (Nanded), Rajura
(Chandrapur), Dharni (Amar avati) and Desaiganj (Gadchiroli) so as to
impart premilitary training to tribal & remove the backlog. These training
centres have been functioning from January, 1990. The duration of each
training course is of 4 months about 100 students are enrolled in e ach
centre. The expenditure incurred per student is about Rs 2000. Three
batches are trained in a year. About17207 tribal youths (Boys 16414 &
Girls 793) have completed their training & 3870 tribal youths (Boys 3827
& Girls 43) have been reported by the Po lice, Military, CRPF,RSP Dept.
etc.
15. Motor Driving Training Centres for Scheduled Tribes : There is
also a backlog in the recruitment of Drivers in Government and Semi -
Government organizations and particularly, in the Maharashtra State Road
Transport Co rporation (MSRTC). The Government has, therefore, decided
to give training for heavy motor driving to tribal youths. For this purpose a
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already running with the help of the MSRTC. The durati on of the training
course is six months As such there are two sessions during a year. The
capacity of the trainees is 50 in each session. 2/3 of the cost of this training
centre is borne by the State Government and 1/3 by the MSRTC. The
students taking edu cation are being provided maintenance allowance at the
rate of Rs.300 per month. In addition to this centre two more centres at
Shahada in Nandurbar District & Gadchiroli have been opened with the
help of MSRTC.
16. Supply of Electric Motor Pumps and Oil Engines: The tribal
cultivators are provided with electric motor pumps and oil engines. A
tribal cultivator who has a minimum 60 Ares (1.5 acres) maximum of 6
ha. (or 16 acres ) cultivable land is eligible to take the benefit of this
scheme further they sh ould have sufficient water source which will last at
least six months excluding the period of rainy season, for irrigating their
land. Also for getting electric motor pump it is expected that there should
be an electric line passing nearby. Those having no electricity facilities
can get benefit of oil pumps. Even 2 or 3 agriculturists who have less than
prescribed area of land can jointly take advantage of this scheme. The
beneficiary getting Electric Engines / Oil pump sets under this scheme
have to pay co ntribution at the prescribed rates viz., Rs. 250/ - for land
holders having land between 60 acres to 4 ha. & Rs. 500/ - to those
landholders of more than 4 hectors.
17. Thakkar Bappa Tribal Village Integrated Improvement
Programme : The State Government has decided to implement “Thakkar
Bappa Adivasi Vasti Sudhar Ekatmik Karyakram” on the lines of “Dalit
VastiSudhar Programme.” This scheme will be implemented in the
proposed Modified Area Development Approach ( MADA) and Mini -
MADA pockets in the 15 districts of Akola, Wardha, Bhandara, Raigad,
Jalgaon, Dhule, Nandurbar, Pune, Nagpur, Ahmednager, Yeotmal,
Buldhana, Amravati and Gondia and other Outside Tribal Sub -
Plan Area (OTSP) villages on the basis of population of tribal. This
programme will be implemented on an integrated project approach. This
scheme is being implemented by the Zilla Parishads.
18. Nucleus Budget: The TSP is formulated taking into consideration the
specific needs of each ITDP are. In order to provide for local variations &
demands, which cannot be met from regular schemes approved by the
Govt. and cannot as such be funded from the normal Tribal Sub Plan
(TSP) a special scheme Nucleus Budget is being implemented since 1981 -
82. Under the scheme the Project Officer of the Institute for
Transportation & Development Policy (ITDP) are empowered to evolve &
implement or get implemented from other departments schemes of local
importance after following the prescribed procedure. The ceiling for
financia l assistance under this scheme is Rs. 15,000/ - per family. Group
scheme can also be taken of subject to this ceiling. The entire assistance
can be given as grant - in- aid for the scheme for training. Welfare &
human resources development. However for incom e generating scheme.
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per cent is given as a grant to members of the primitive tribes &
beneficiary is expected to bring the balance by way of his contribution or
through a loan. Project officer (I.T.D.P) can sanction group schemes up to
Rs.20.00 lakh each The Additional Tribal Commissioners can sanction
group schemes up to Rs.20.00 lakh each, the Commissioner (Tribal
Development) up to Rs 40.00 lakh & only schemes costing more th an that
are referred to Government.
19. Maharashtra State Co -Operative Tribal Development
Corporation: The Maharashtra State Co -operative Tribal Development
Corporation (MSCTDC) was established in the year 1972 under the
Maharashtra Cooperative Societies Act with the aims and objects
mentioned below: - 1) Purchase and Sale of Agricultural and minor forest
products in the Tribal areas under the Monopoly Procurement Scheme 2)
Management of Developmental works in Tribal Areas on Agency basis on
behalf of Gove rnment, Public institutions and Corporations. 3)
Distribution of Consumption loans to Adivasi Families. 4) Extending
loans for income generating activities. 5) To undertake any activity
assigned by the Government for General Development of Adivasis; and 6)
Promotion of Programmes for the generation of employment in tribal
areas. The Maharashtra State Co -operative Tribal Development
Corporations function as the apex body of the multi -purpose Adivasi
Cooperative societies. The village level Co -operative socie ties are the sub -
agents of the Corporation for monopoly management schemes and
consumption loan, etc.

Maharashtra State Co -op Tribal ... indianbureaucracy.com
The State Government provides financial assistance to the Corporation in
the form of management subsidy, purchase subsidy and reimbursement of
losses (if any) incurred to the Corporation in its trading operations. At
present the corporation is implementing a number of schemes viz.
Monopoly Procurement Scheme and Consumption Finance extension of
Self-Employment Schemes under the National Scheduled Castes and
Scheduled Tribes Finance and Development Corporation (NSFDC) Loan
scheme. Supply of daily necessities to ashram schools, supply of electric
motor pumps/oil engines, mobile consumer shops and drinking water
supply to government ashram schools. The major constraint, which was
faced by the Corporation, was that its paid up share capital was very
limited. However Government has increased the paid up share capital of
the corporation to enable the corporation to perform its role effectively.
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20. Financial Assistance for Share Capital to Tribal Development
Corporation: From the year of 2002 - 2003, the New Scheme Tribal
Development Corporation has been introduced under the Head of
Backward class welfare.
21. Khavati Loan: Consumption Finance Scheme started in 1978 in the
Tribal Sub Plan Area of the state. This scheme is implemented by the
Maharashtra State Co -op Tribal Development Corporation (MSCTDC)
with the help of Adivasi Co -operative Societies. The scheme provides for
the consumption requirements of the needy tribal families during the lean
employment season i.e. monsoon. The amount given under this scheme is
in the form of sh ort term loan and bears interest of 7.5% . The repayment
is to be made in a single instalment in one year. 90% of the loan is given
in the form of kind and 10% in cash. The amount of loan given under this
scheme depends on the family size. A family having 4 member is given
Rs.2000/ -, a family having 8 members Rs.3000/ - and a family having
more than 8 members Rs.4000/ -.
22. Strengthening of Staff in the Tribal Development Department: As
per the recommendations of the Sukthankar Committee ( Shri D. M.
Sukthan kar), the work of preparation of the TSP for the state & other
districts, within the plan allocation given by the planning department is
entrusted to the Tribal Development Department from the year 1993 -94.
Consequently, the workload for preparation of the TSP & the districts has
increased considerably.
23. Construction of Administrative Building & Residential Quarters:
The state Govt. has decided to strengthen the administration in 11 selected
Integrated Tribal Development Project (ITDP’s) identified as th e most
vulnerable. The Project Officers leading the ITDP’s are drawn from the
Indian Administrative Service or the Indian Forest Service, and have been
given the powers of additional collectors as well as those of executive
officers of the Zilla Parishads. Theses Project Officers have both
regulatory & developmental responsibilities & have been given necessary
powers of sanction & discipline including supervision & administrative
control over other department staff in their area of operation. For effective
implementation of Project administration , it has become necessary to
construct administrative buildings for the offices of the project officers &
also to construct residential quarters for the project officers & their staff,
in those project areas where s uch facilities either do not exist are
inadequate. The construction programme has been taken up in a phased
manner.
24. Financial Assistance to Shabari Vitta Vikas Mahamandal (State
level): Main objective of the Corporation is to economic development of
the scheduled tribes by generating Self -employment while giving them
financial assistance in the shape of term loan, margin money loan, bridge
finance etc. The Corporation prominently implement "National Scheduled
Tribes Finance & Development Corporation" N ew Delhi (NSTFDC)
sponsored Term loan schemes, NSTFDC sponsored "Adivasi munotes.in

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MahilaSashaktikaran Yojana, National Bank sponsored Term loan scheme
for the scheduled tribe beneficiaries whose annual family income is below
double of the poverty line income.
Check your progress
Q1- Write a note on Maharashtra State Co -Operative Tribal Development
Corporation.
Q2- Write a note on Eklavya Model English Medium Residential Schools.
25. Centrally Sponsored Schemes Under The Backward Class Welfare
Sector:
(A) Govt. of India Scholarship: The scheme of Post Matric Scholarship
has been introduced for giving higher education to Backward Class
students, who are staying in rural and hilly areas, and whose financial
condition is poor and due to which, they are una ble to take higher
education. This scheme is implemented through the Project Officers of the
ITDPs. They have been empowered to disburse the scholarships to the
concerned educational institutions, as per the requirements of the
institutions and the records received by them. Project Officers of the
concerned ITDP sends blank application forms to the educational
institutions and also instruct them on how to fill up such forms. These
forms are accepted up to 31st of July every year, by the educational
institut ions from the students . The scheme is given adequate publicity
through various educational institutions. In addition to this, every year
officers in -charge of the scheme give wide publicity in the local
newspapers for the information of the students and a lso instruct the
students to apply for scholarship. For the renewal of the scholarship 75 %
of attendance is required to be put in by the Scholarship holders. 60 % of
the previous year’s expenditure towards scholarship is disbursed to the
institutions on a n ad-hoc basis. For the disbursement of this scholarship
the educational institution open Personal ledger Account (PLA), account
in Nationalised Banks, where the students also open their account. The
said scholarship is disbursed up to 30th September every year. Under this
scheme of the Government of India all the Scheduled Castes & Scheduled
Tribes Students studying in post Matric courses are eligible to receive an
amount from Rs.380/ - to 1200/ - (for hostelers) and Rs.230/ - to 550/ - (for
day scholars) scho larship subject to the condition that (a) The income of
the parent should not exceed Rs.2,00,000/ - per year. (b) That the student
should not be a full -time employee (c) that the student should have good
conduct and his progress and attendance should be sat isfactory, and (d)
only the first two children of the same parents are eligible. Government of
India has increased the rate of Post Matric Scholarship for the students.
Belonging to Scheduled Tribe by modifying the existing Groups and
Income Ceiling from 1 0th Five Year Plan.
(B) Tribal Research and Training Institute (TRI ): The Tribal Research
& Training Institute was established in 1962 at Pune . The main objectives
to establish TRI were to conduct research in general & specific areas of munotes.in

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economic activiti es affecting tribal life, evaluation & monitoring of
developmental schemes. collection & dissemination of information
regarding tribal life , organization of training programmes for officials &
no officials to build up a Museum & Library on tribal, etc. At present the
activities of the TRI are broadly divided into areas of Research. Integrated
are development programme, Training Publications, Library Museum &
Cultural unit. Production of films of “Tribal Life & Culture.” And
Scrutiny & verification of tribe claims. Besides this, during the year 2007 -
08, TRTI will undertake the implementation of scheduled tribes & other
traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights), Act,2006 &
Rules, 2008 and publicity of various Tribal Development schemes,
including those schemes under 275 (1). The Institute will also be involved
in evaluation of Tribal Development schemes.

Tribal Research & Training Institute ... punetourism.co.in
The Institute wants to enhance the Research & Training programmes,
documentation of the original cultural aspects of tribal people, which is
vanishing very fast, development of Museum & Library, etc. The
expansion programme of the building of the TRI has been completed.
Total outlay of Rs.1100.00 lak h is provided for the year 2014 -15 as the
State’s share. On completion of 50 years of this institute. Golden Jubilee
was celebrated on 28th December, 2013 whish was inaugurated by
Hon’ble President of India and also by G.R. dated 24 -12-2013
autonomous stat us has been given to this Institute.
(C) Gondwana Museum and Research Centre: In order to preserve,
promote and propagate the living culture of the tribal people from
Vidharbha and in particular those from the Gondwana land, the
Government of Maharashtra has decided to establish “Gondwana Museum
and Research Centre ” in Nagpur City.
It aims to :
 Depict the glorious past and present status of tribal in general with
special emphasis on tribal from Maharashtra & Gondwana land.
 Conduct research on vario us aspects of tribal life, history, culture and
impact of various schemes on their lives.
 Document various aspect of Gondwana life, culture history.
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 Understand traditional design associated with tribal artforms and create
new only which could find acceptability in the open commercial
market.
 Maintain craft village which will popularise Gondwana handicraft and
develop an income generation package for the artisans.
 Organise demonstration -cum-workshops for artisans from time to time.
 Maintain open air theatre so as to promote tribal traditional drama, folk
songs, folk dance and music of the people of Gondwana land.
 Run the training centre so as to provide guidance and training to the
tribal for self - employment/getting employment.
Check y our progress
Q1- Answer in detail - Centrally Sponsored Schemes Under The
Backward Class Welfare Sector.
26. Comprehensive Rural Health Project for Tribal (Jamkhed
Project): With a view to develop preventive, promotive and curative
health care services at village level with a focus on reducing the women
and child morbidity and mortality and communicable diseases,
government has decided to implement a comprehensive health proj ect for
tribal in 12 talukas of 7 districts with priority to be given to primitive tribal
villages. The Government has given administrative approval to this
programme vide Government Resolution, Tribal Development Department
No. Sankirn -2003/CR -170/D -VIII, dated 27.2.2004.


Comprehensive Rural Health Project ... facebook.com
Goal: To develop sustainable model of Integrated Tribal Development,
with a view to improve quality of life of the tribal.
Specific Objective s :
1) Develop preventive, promotive , curative health care services at village
level, with focus on reduction of women & child morbidity , mortality ,
control of communicable diseases.
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2) To promote universalisation of primary education and vocational
training.
3) To develop livelihood opportunities towards food security and nutrition.
4) To empower and involve the community and Panchayat Raj Institutions
(PRI) through information diss emination, about comprehensive
development issues and strategies.
5) To promote self -esteem, cultural identify and National consciousness.
The programme components are Health, Education, Livelihood, Income
Generation Activities, Community Development, Em powerment, Training
and Orientation of Development Functioning Self -esteem and Cultural
Identity of the tribal.
27. Financial Assistance to the Co -Op Housing Development
Organisation: The scheme of foundation of Co -Op housing finance is
implemented. In th is scheme the registered Co -op housing organization
which is having possessing economically backward or in low incomes
group beneficiaries that Govt. land is allotted without any cost. While
purchasing private land the actual cost of puncher or the closet determined
by the town planer whichever is less that amount is given as land purchase
amount In this producer 20 percent of the construction cost and
contribution grant is released. Left 50 percent amount is given by adopting
loan from Maharashtra State Co -Op Housing Development Corporation
and the amount of due interest maximum Rs.30000/ - is given by Govt..
28. Financial Assistance given to the parent of Grade III &
IVChildren who admitted in Hospital: The Children of grade III & IV
from the remote area a re admitted in the PHC or Hospital; their parents are
also staying with then in the hospital till they will not care. In this period
they miss their wages due to this they picked up their children and stay at
home instead of hospital. In the case the possi bility of death of child may
occur. Govt. has taken into consideration all these facts and in remote area
children also are admitted in the hospital then their parents are facilitate as
2 times meal and missed wages of that day.
29. Supply of P.V.C. Pipe to the Scheduled Tribe: The main occupation
of the tribe is Agriculture for the economic upliftment of the tribal electric
motor pump/oil Engine has been provided to the tribal beneficiary. The
Electric Motor Pump and Oil Engine provided to the tribe on 10 0%
subsidy. The beneficiary who had been given the pump and who is not
able to purchase the pipe for supplying motor that beneficiary has been
provided P.V.C. Pipe through the Nucleus Budget on priority basis. Due to
some practical to technical problem and raising strain on the Nucleus
budget government has decided to implement the new scheme to facilitate
the tribal people in the State of Maharashtra.
30. Kanya -Dan Yojana : With a view to reduce extravagant expenditure
incurred by the tribal people on Marr iage ceremonies and to forbid the munotes.in

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unfair practices in the Marriage ceremonies, the Govt. has sanctioned the
“Kanya -Dan” scheme on a pilot basis for providing financial assistance to
tribal couples so as to further encourage community marriage ceremonies.
The financial assistance to the tune of Rs. 10,000/ - is in kind which
includes “Mangalsutra” of 10 grams gold and articles/ utensils of daily
requirements for the family.
31. Tribal Self Respect and self -reliance Scheme: To provide a
permanent source of li velihood of below poverty line landless tribal,
Government has decided to implement Tribal Self Respect and self -
Reliance Scheme under which land will be purchased and distributed to
landless tribal. 4 acres of non -irrigated or 2 acres of irrigated agricul tural
land will be given to the landless Below Poverty Line tribal families. 50%
of the cost of land is subsidised and 50% is interest free loan. The
Government has given administrative approval to this scheme vide
Government, Tribal Development Department Resolution No Bhuvaye -
2003/C R 142/D -IX, dated 24.2.2004.
32. SCA to TSP and Article 275(1) of the Constitution : Various
schemes as income generation, Infrastructure benefits and specially for
women will be implemented through these schemes.
33. Cent ral Sector Scheme for the Development of Primitive Tribes
Group: The grant is received every year for the benefit of development of
primitive tribes from Government of India. Katkari from Thane and
Raigad, kolam from Yavatmal and Madia Gond from Gadchiroli are the
main primitive tribes from Maharashtra. Gharkul and JanashreeBima
Yojana are the main schemes implemented for the primitive Tribes.
34. Repairing work of old Ashram School Bulding: Buildings of a
number of Ashram Schools were constructed long bac k. They lacked
protection required renovation and there was a need for provision of
facilities like toilets and bathrooms, multipurpose halls and water supply.
35. Supply of Domestic Gas for (14.2 Kg.) to BPL Tribal Families: The
tribal families living in and around forest areas mostly depend on forests
for fire wood. Therefore with a view to preserve forests and to create
environment friendly atmosphere as well as to provide pollution free
house to tribal families. Government Resolution No.Meeting -
2006/C. R.1/Desk -8, Dated 20.10.2006 The project officer ITDP will select
the beneficiaries as per terms and conditions of the scheme. The officers
of the Bharat Petroleum Corp. will give the demonstration / training to the
beneficiaries in suitable number of grou ps. The responsibility of installing
gas connections in the house of the beneficiaries will be of the concerned
agency of the Bharat Petroleum Corp. Ltd. The agency will further
provide free service and attend the complains promptly, if any.
36. Supply of Milch Animal unit (2Cows, 2 Buffalo, 10 + 1 Goat Unit )
to BPL Tribal Families: This scheme is closed from the year 2011 - 12
and has been transferred to Animal Husb andry Department . munotes.in

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37.Scheme for development of Pardhi Community: Seperate scheme of
Triba l Development Department for the development of Pardhi
Community is introduced from the financial year 2011 -12.
38. Shabari Gharkul Yojana : From the year 2014 -15 Shabari Gharkul
scheme is Proposed & Outlay of Rs. 8000.00 Crores will be made
available for this to provide shelter to Tribal families .

Shabri Gharkul Yojna Maharashtra ... govinfo.me
39. Implementation of Guidance project in Tribal areas by Tribal cell:
Tribal cell is Established in Honourable Governor’s office, which will
implement some Guidance projects related to Health, Nutrition, food &
Civil Supply (P.D.S.), Education Land Right Com munication, use of
Information Technology, micro -planning by Gram -Sabha, Empowerment
etc.
40. Birsa Munda Krushi Kranti Yojana 2021:
For Welfare of ST Farmers CM of Maharashtra Launch Birsa Munda
Krushi Kranti Yojana 2021 .
Objectives :
This scheme has been started by the CM of the state just to provide
benefits to the farmers of the ST category. Main motive of the scheme is
to provide sustainable irrigation facility to ST farmers. Under this scheme
all the irrigation facilities will be p rovided to the farmers of the ST
category.
Benefits of the scheme :
100% subsidy limited to 1 new well – Rs. 2.5lakh ; Old well repairing –
Rs. 50,000 ; Plastification of farm pond – Rs. 1 lakh ; For In -well boring –
Rs. 20,000 ; Kitchen Garden – Rs. 500 ; Electric connection charges – Rs.
10,000 ; Micro -irrigation 90% subsidy limit to Drip – Rs. 50,000 and for
sprinkler – Rs. 25000 .



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Geographic Areas :
Entire State of Maharashtra except Kolhapur, Sangli, Satara, Ratnagiri,
Sindhudurg, Mumbai city and Mumbai subur ban area & Municipal
Corporation, Nagar Panchayat &Nagar palika area .

For Welfare of ST Farmers CM of ... pradeshyojana.in
Eligibility of Birsa Munda Krushi Kranti Yojana :
Only ST farmers who are below poverty line are eligible for this scheme.
Annual income should not be more than Rs. 1.5 lakh.
Land holding should not be more than 0.40 ha. To 6.00 ha.
Summary:
The schemes of the Ministry of Tribal Affairs are demand driven and
funding are made in various sectors including for employment -cum-
income gene ration and covers activities such as establishment of
Agro/Forest/Natural Resource based micro / village industries through
training of tribal cooperatives, SHGs and individual entrepreneurs,
promotion and skill development in traditional tribal culture ar eas like
tribal jewellery, painting, dance forms, music and culinary art, Village
tourism, Eco -tourism, et c. The scheme of Mechanism for Marketing of
Minor Forest Produce (MFP) through Minimum Support Price (MSP) and
Development of Value Chain for MFP cov ers various activities including
procurement of MFPs when their market price falls below their notified
MSP, setting up/expansion of storage facilities, expanding the knowledge
base on MFP, training for sustainable collection, value addition, etc.
The act ivities involving expanding knowledge base, training for
sustainable collection, value addition, etc. are done through by the
Ministry and the Central Government bears 100% of the expenditure
incurred for these activities.



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Self-Study:
Q-01. Write short note on the Schemes implemented by Department of
Tribal Development.
Q-02. Write a note on :
1. Maharashtra State Co -Operative Tribal Development Corporation.
2. Eklavya Model English Medium Residential Schools.
Q-03. Answer in detail - Centr ally Sponsored Schemes Under The
Backward Class Welfare Sector.
Q-04. What are the aims of Gondwana Museum and Research Centre?
Q-05.What is the Birsa Munda Krushi Kranti Yojana 2021 - explain in
detail?
References:
 https://www.indiatoday.in › gk -current -affairs › story › 1...
 https://niti.gov.in/writereaddata/files/Maharashtra_Report_0.pdf
 https://www.nabard.org/content1.aspx?id=23&catid=23&mid=530
 https://www.nabard.org/auth/writereaddata /tender/cir no. 199.pdf
 https://www.nabard.org/auth/writereaddata/tender/1709200741Cir
_244_E.pdf
 https://www.nabard.org/auth/writereaddata/tender/1709201406Cir
_251_E.pdf
 https://pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1575524
 http://www.mahatribal.gov.in/Site/Upload/Pdf/Welfare%20of%20
Backward%20Classes.pdf?MenuID=1148
 https://rural.nic.in/about -us/about -ministry
 https://pradeshyojana.in/birsa -munda -krushi -kranti -yojana -2021/#1
 https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/project -
documents/52328/52328 -001-pp-en.pdf
 https://fincomindia.nic.in/

munotes.in

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3
AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT
Prof. Sachin B. Raut

Unit Structure :
3.0 Objectives
3.1 Introduction – Agricultural Development
A) National Agricultural Policy 2007 and Food Security
3.2 Concept
3.3 Objectives
3.4 Features
3.5 Provision and Drawbacks
B) Irrigation and Water Management
3.6 Irrigation
3.7 Importance of Irrigation in Agriculture
3.8 Sources of Irrigation
3.9 Methods of Irrigation – Modern and Conventional
3.10 Water Management
3.0 OBJECTIVES:
1) To study the objectives and features of Nation al Agricultural Policy
2007 and Food Security
2) To study the importance and methods of irrigation in agriculture
3) To study irrigation water management
3.1 INTRODUCTION – AGRICULTURAL
DEVELOPMENT:
Agriculture plays an essential role in the process of economic
development in India. besides providing food to nation agriculture releases
labour, provides saving , contributes to the market of industrial goods and
also earns foreign exchange. Agricultural development is an integral part munotes.in

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of overall economic development. Agricultural development is defined as
“The process that creates the conditions for the fulfillment of agricultural
potential.” Accumulation of knowledge, availability of technology and the
allocation of inputs and outputs are the conditions required for ful lfillment
of agricultural potential. At the time of independence, agriculture was the
main source of national income and occupation in India. 50% of India’s
national income came from agric ulture and allied activities and around
72% of total working population was engaged in agriculture. This
confirms that at the time of independence Indian economy was backward
and agricultural based.
In the mid -1960s, the Indian government adopted a new agricultural
strategy the modern agricultural technology (seed -fertilizer -water
technology) termed as Green Revolution. It has been the most important
technical advancement in Indian agriculture during the plan period.
Another important facet of progress i n agriculture is its success in
eradicating of its dependence on imported food -grains. Indian agriculture
has progressed not only in output and yield terms but the structural
changes have also contributed. All these developments in Indian
agriculture are c ontributed by a series of steps initiated by the Indian
Government. Land reforms, inauguration of Agricultural Price
Commission to ensure remunerative prices to farmers, new agricultural
strategy, investment in research and extension services, provision of credit
facilities, and improving rural infrastructure are some of these steps.
In order to achieve the goal of self -sufficiency in agriculture, new
agricultural strategy was initiated in 1966 -67. The fundamental of this
strategy is the application of scie nce and technology for increasing yield
per hectare. This strategy, known as New Agricultural Strategy or Green
Revolution, which is based on the extension of high yielding varieties
responsive to heavy doses of fertilizers and the package of improved
practices in selected areas with assured rainfall or irrigation facilities. The
programmes included under the new strategy are: (1) the high yielding
varieties programme, (2) multiple cropping programme, (3) integrated
development of dry areas, (4) plant prote ction measures, (5) increased use
of fertilizers, and (6) new irrigation concept. Green Revolution refers to
the use of high -yielding varieties of wheat and rice into traditional
agriculture to achieve continuous breakthrough in agricultural production.
Thus the traditional farm practices and technology in India was replaced
by modern technology based on the use of chemical fertilizers, pesticides,
high-yielding varieties of seeds, extensive use of electric power, modern
implements and machinery, new irriga tion methods. Thus a massive
program of mechanisation and irrigation was undertaken in the mid -1960s.
Intensive Agricultural Development Program was initiated and adopted on
an experimental basis supplemented by the high -yielding varieties
program all ove r the country which laid emphasis on intensive cultivation
rather than extensive cultivation. The new agricultural strategy adopted in
India (Green Revolution) conferred substantial benefits to the country. munotes.in

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Check your progress
Q1- Write short note on Agricultural Development.
3.2 A) NATIONAL AGRICULTURAL POLICY 2007 AND
FOOD SECURITY – CONCEPT
However, the growth rate showed a declining trend; production and
productivityremained almost stagnant. A considerable effort, therefore,
was required to reverse the deceleration and get agriculture moving
forward once again.

www.hindinotes.org राीयकृिषनीित2007 (National Agricultural Policy 2007)
The National Agriculture Policy approved by the Government of India
during 2000, aimed to achieve annual growth of more than 4 per cent in
the agricultur e sector on a sustainable basis, through the efficient use of
natural resources and combination of other me asures. However, the annual
growth rate achieved during the Tenth Five Year Plan (2002 –03 to 2006 –
07) averaged around 2.3 per cent. On the other hand the non -farm sector
has grown faster. Considering the high growth of GDP in the recent past, a
major reori entation in the policy is necessary to make this growth more
inclusive. The decline in agricultural growth coupled with declining
profitability in the agriculture sector, in the face of rapid growth of non -
farm sector, is one of the major concerns. The dec lining profitability is
partially due to fluctuating world prices of agricultural commodities and
the efforts to keep the domestic prices low to protect consumers’ interest,
which resulted in decline in the terms of trade for the farm sector. This,
coupled with the stagnating and declining yield levels, result ed in low
income to the farmers.
Another major problem confronting the rural areas in general and farm
households in particular, is the lack of employment opportunities. Efforts
are needed to increase job opportunities in the farm sector through
increased investment in irrigation, watershed development, wasteland
development, land reclamation, etc. In addition, there ha s to be a greater
focus on the accelerated development of the rural non -farm sector and
development of clusters around towns/market centres. A growing farm
sector, better rural infrastructure and connectivity, skill development,
adequate power supply and easy availability of credit would help in the
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creation of more employment opportuniti es in the rural non -farm sector
and, in turn, enhance the income of farm households.
In view of the above, there is a need to focus more on the economic well -
being of the farmers, rather than just on production. Socio -economic well -
being must be a prime c onsideration of agricultural policy, besides
production and growth. The aim of the Policy is, therefore, to stimulate
attitudes and actions which should result in assessing agricultural progress
in terms of improvement in the income of farm families, not o nly to meet
their consumption requirements but also to enhance their capacity to invest
in farm related activities.
Check your progress
Q1- Write a note on National Agricultural Policy 2007 and Food
Security.
3.3 OBJECTIVES - MAJOR POLICY GOALS:
The major goals of the National Policy for Farmers are:
(i) To improve economic viability of farming by substantially increasing
the net income of farmers and to ensure that agricultural progress is
measured by advances made in this income.
(ii) To prote ct and improve land, water, bio -diversity and genetic
resources essential for sustained increase in the productivity,
profitability and stability of major farming systems by creating an
economic stake in conservation.
(iii) To develop support services inc luding provision for seeds, irrigation,
power, machinery and implements, fertilizers and credit at affordable
prices in adequate quantity for farmers. (iv) To strengthen the bio -
security of crops, farm animals, fish and forest trees for safeguarding
the li velihood and income security of farmer families and the health
and trade security of the nation.
(v) To provide appropriate price and trade policy mechanisms to enhance
farmers’ income.
(vi) To provide for suitable risk management measures for adequate a nd
timely compensation to farmers.
(vii) To complete the unfinished agenda in land reforms and to initiate
comprehensive asset and aquarian reforms.
(viii) To mainstream the human and gender dimension in all farm policies
and programmes.
(ix) To pay exp licit attention to sustainable rural livelihoods. munotes.in

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(x) To foster community -centred food, water and energy security systems
in rural India and to ensure nutrition security at the level of every
child, woman and man.
(xi) To introduce measures which can hel p attract and retain youths in
farming and processing of farm products for higher value addition by
making it intellectually stimulating and economically rewarding.
(xii) To make India a global outsourcing hub in the production and supply
of the inputs ne eded for sustainable agriculture, products and
processes developed through biotechnology and Information and
Communication Technology (ICT).
(xiii) To restructure the agricultural curriculum and pedagogic
methodologies for enabling every farm and home sci ence graduate to
become an entrepreneur and to make agricultural education gender
sensitive.
(xiv) To develop and introduce a social security system for farmers.
(xv) To provide appropriate opportunities in adequate measure for non -
farm employment for th e farm households.
Check your progress
Q1- What are the objectives or major goals of the National Policy for
Farmers?
Other Policy Measures:
The following policy measures will also ensure well -being and livelihood
security of the farmers:
(i) Existing state land use boards would be revamped and linked to
district -level land -use committees to be constituted by the state
government so that they can provide quality and proactive advice to
farmers on land use. The seare expected to emerge as virtua l
organisations with the capacity to link land -use decisions with
ecological, meteorological and marketing factors on a location and
season -specific basis.
(ii) Major thrust w ould be given to the development of floriculture, roots
and tuber crops, aromati c and medicinal plants, bee -keeping and
sericulture. Appropriate market linkages would also be provided so
that such efforts would improve employment and income
opportunities in rural areas.
(iii)Market Intervention Scheme would continue and would be
strengthened. Suitable measures would be taken for expeditious
processing and sanctions.
(iv) A well -defined food security policy with homegrown food -grains is
important for eradicating rural poverty and malnutrition. In order to munotes.in

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strengthen and regularly moni tor food security issues, the
government would constitute a Cabinet Committee on Food
Security.
(v) Farm families would also be protected from becoming victims of
HIV/AIDS and tuberculosis (TB). Anti -retroviral drugs would be
made available in villages fr ee of cost. The approach to the treatment
of farmers who are victims of serious diseases like HIV/AIDS and
TB in villages would take into account access of the patient to food
and nutrition to assist recovery and restoration of productive life.
(vi) There is a need for a rural non -farm employment initiative for farm
households. The initiative would bring all rural non -farm
employment programmes together in order to generate convergence
and synergy among them. A consortium approach involving the
different a gencies concerned would be adopted.
(vii) Along with production growth rates, income growth rates would also
be measured and published. Improving income and livelihood of
farmers would be incorporated as a primary objective of all schemes
implemented in t he agriculture sector.
(viii) Article 243 G of the Constitution (73rd Amendment) Act, 1982,
entrusts panchayats with the responsibility for agriculture including
agricultural extension. If the problems faced by farmers are
disaggregated and dealt with by the Gram Sabha and Panchayats,
location -specific problems can be attended to speedily and
effectively. In order to implement various schemes and programmes
at the grass roots level, the Government of India would support state
governments for devolution of functions and functi onaries for
empowering the panchayats. Steps would be taken to strengthen and
accord centrality to panchayats in addressing the problems of
farmers.
(ix) Mass media (conventional, electronic and the internet) constitute an
important pillar of our democrat ic system of governance. In order to
assist the mass media with timely and scientifically accurate
information on issues relating to agriculture, food security and
farmers welfare, regional media resource centres would be set up,
associating farmers, media representatives and scientists, including
extension personnel.
(x) There is a need for integrated approach for rural energy where
renewable energy systems / devices, biofuels would be promoted
apart from improving the rural infrastructure, including rura l
electrification, which is essential for agricultural development.
Check your progress
Q1- What are the other policy measures for the well -being and livelihood
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3.4 FEATURES – OPERATIONALISATION OF THE
POLICY:
The National Policy for Farmers will be adapted and operationalised to
suit the local needs in different states and union territories. State
governments would be supported to convert national goals into local
action points by preparing operational plans for implementing this policy,
taking into account the agroclimatic and other local conditions. Such
operational plans will be prepared at the district level by a multi -
disciplinary professional group and integrated at the state level. States
would be encouraged to have an effe ctive mechanism for continuous
feedback from the farmers to ensure that measures taken under the policy
address the problems of the farmers.
The Department of Agriculture and Cooperation would constitute an Inter -
Ministerial Committee to suggest a plan of action for operationalisation of
this policy. Appropriate mechanisms and guidelines would be evolved by
concerned Ministries / Departments to implement this policy.
The Agriculture Coordination Committee under the chairmanship of the
Prime Minister would oversee and coordinate the integrated
implementation of this policy.
The National Policy for Farmers, 2007, on recommendations of National
Commission on Farmers, has provided for a holistic approach to
development of the farm sector. The broad areas of its coverage include:
a) It focuses on the economic well -being of the farmers in addition to
production and productivity.
b) Asset Reforms: To ensure that a farmer hous ehold in village s either
possesses or has access to a productive asset or marketable skill.
c) Water Use Efficiency: Priority with significance on awareness and
efficiency of use of water would be given on the concept of maximising
yield and income per uni t or irrigation water in all the crop production
programs.
d) Encouragement would be given to biotechnology, information and
communication technology (ICT), renewable energy technology, space
applications and nano -technology for improving productivity per unit
of land and water on a sustainable basis.
e) To organize a co -ordinate agricultural bio -security programme National
Agricultural Bio -security System would be established.
f) Seeds and Soil Health: Quality seeds, disease free planting material and
soil health enhancement is important to rais e small farm productivity.
Every farmer to be issued with a soil health passbook which contain s
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g) Support Services for Women: funding would be done for a ppropriate
support services like creches, child care centr es and adequate nutrition
needed by women working in fields.
h) Credit and Insurance -. The financial services would be invigorated for
timely, adequate and easy reach to the farmers at a reason able rate of
interest.
i) Gyan Chaupals would be set up at village level with the help of ICT and
farm schools in the fields of outstanding farmers to promote farmer to
farmer learning through the State Government for strengthening
extension services.
j) Necessary steps would be taken to put in place an appropriate social
security scheme for farmers.
k) To ensure remunerative prices for agricultural produce Minimum
Support Price (MSP) mechanism will be implemented effectively
across the country.
l) Food secu rityto be enlarged to include nutritious millets such as bajra,
jowar, ragi, etc. mostly grown in dry land farming areas.
Check your progress
Q1- What are the features of National Policy for Farmers 2007?
3.5 PROVISION AND DRAWBACKS:
Provision or Policy Suggestions :
a) To balance labour productivity in agriculture (where almost 50 percent
of the population is contributing less than 15 percent of output), there is
direct need to strengthen linkages between agriculture and allied activities
and rest of the economy through the development of rural non -agricultural
enterprises, particularly agro -processing sector and SMEs in peri -urban
areas. This has to be top priority of t he reform agenda for the future.
b) Maintaining productivity growth to sustain the growth of food crops
and other food products that form the main staples of the population is
essential for more balanced growth. Policies should focus on measures
that prov ide incentives for efficient utilisation of both capital investments
as well as natural resources. Increasing productivity calls for 32
investments in technology, extension, research and logistics to raise output
through efficient usage of natural resource s and also minimising wastage.
Technology needs to be brought in to the centre stage.
c) Shift in consumer preferences and increasing numbers of the middle
income class have altered the domestic demand for agricultural
commodities and globalisation has co nnected Indian farmer as well as
consumer to international markets. As a result, the demand for dairy
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processed products is growing fast and will continue to do so in the future.
To meet thi s growing demand and maintain competitiveness, more
investments in the entire food chain that involves collection, grading,
storage, packaging, and transport to help take produce from farms to
markets and factories is the key to the future growth of the ag ricultural and
allied sectors.
d) The fragmentation of land holdings means that to achieve economies of
scale, bulk -buying and sale of produce have become extremely important
to generate more incomes. Therefore, large -scale retail and supermarket
operatio ns can lead to the development of necessary infrastructure that
improves supply logistics and also help in dealing with price volatility
through risk pooling. For the desired changes to take place there is a need
to look beyond production and pay due atten tion to post -harvest supply
chain which facilitates especially the small holders.
1. The longer term growth in agriculture has been sustained while short
term fluctuations are palpable.
2. Among sub sectors, animal husbandry and fishery given their past
performance have comparatively high growth potential compared to
crop husbandry and forestry, albeit renewed emphasis on agri -pastoral -
farm forestry systems, i.e., fruit trees, shrubs, peren nial grasses and
small ruminants have the potential to revive the contribution of
forestry sub sector.
3. The growth potential within crop sector lies more in horticulture and
other high value commodities compared to traditional food grains
sector.
4. Transformation of fibres highlights the importance of technology in
crop sector for achieving high growth. The technology, especially the
bio technology needs adoption in other possible crops like maize,
canola, brinjal, mustard and so on, and new form of pr ecision farming
need adoption at a larger scale.
5. Huge potential for future growth in high value commodities, like fruits
and vegetables, milk and meat products and fishery sector.
6. For achieving self -sufficiency in pulses and oilseeds, rabi pulses an d
kharif oilseeds have more potential in area and yield expansion and
need to be fully utilised.
Check your progress
Q1- What are the Provision or Policy Suggestions of National Policy
for Farmers 2007?
Drawbacks:
There are several reasons that have proved as a constraint in the successful
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sector but lacks at some serious fronts. It is said to harm the interests of
Indian farmers in certain are as, including:
a) It came at a time when there existed clear and disturbing signs of a
declining trend in food -grain productivity, fast emerging barriers to
sustainability of agriculture, depleting underground water resources, the
ever-growing indebtednes s in farming and farmers suicides. It has been
criticised on the ground that inspite of the prevalent situation the policy
demanded that the farmers should diversify and produce export oriented
crops and the focusshifted from agriculture to industry, trade and
commerce.
b) It is felt that it has set unrealistic targets. No clear -cut strategy has been
evolved or mentioned for achieving the respective targets. It seems like
other policies wherein the plans are evolved but implementation is too far -
fetched.
c) It looks more like a document citing issues involved in agriculture than
any serious statement of policy and intent by the Central Government. The
document though contains a set of policy intentions and explains
exhaustively what has to be done but igno res to include the procedure for
the implementation of the set intentions.
d) It does not explain as to how the implementation shall be done and how
the goals and objectives shall be achieved. It does not have any time
bound and concrete action plan to ca rry out the activities mentioned in the
document. No strategy has been formulated to implement the agenda
mentioned in the document. It does not mention any deadline or timeframe
for the accomplishment of any task and lacks the target based result
oriented approach.
e) It was introduced in the year 2000 and since then no document has been
released to gauge the status of the intentions of the government mentioned
in the document. There has never been any supplement to NAP document
since then and no follow u p mechanism has been evolved.
f) Above all, conflict is about agriculture being the state subject while
policy is formed by the Central Government, which plays an important
role in the recommendation of national agricultural policies. There are
pronounced disparities among the states in agricultural progress. Some
states are agriculturally much progressed and some states lag behind. A
centralised policy tends to create constraints as it fails to cater to the state
specific needs, albeit the states find it difficult to work in accordance with
the national policy. This makes NAP quite incongruent, especially when
the formulation of such a policy is made with little or no participation by
State Governments.
Check your progress
Q1- What are the drawbacks of Na tional Policy for Farmers 2007? munotes.in

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B) Irrigation and Water Management :
3.6 IRRIGATION:
Irrigation is a vital input to increase agricultural output to keep pace with
food requirements of the ever increasing population. It is one of the key
elements to boost and establish agricultural production. The availability of
timely and sufficient suppl y of water is an essential prerequisite to
transform traditional agriculture into a modern agriculture.
Irrigation is assigned a crucial role asit is the single most important factor
which facilitate s the fuller utilization of scarce farm land resources a nd
can facilitate acceptance of improved technology at the farm level.
Intensive agriculture is the main stay of the present programme of
agricultural development, necessitating an expansion of irrigation
facilities. Most of the developing countries which are under the pressure of
overpopulation and have severe food grains shortage, have been
attempting to provide a fillip to their irrigation facilities. Since
independence India is making concerted efforts to achieve success in
irrigating its agricultural l and.


krishiicar Irrigation in India: Status, challenges and options§
There are two main ways that farmers and ranchers use agricultural water
to cultivate crops: Rain -fed farming and Irrigation .
Rain -fed farming is the process of natural application of water to the soil
through direct rainfall. Relying on rainfall is less likely to result in
contamination of food products but is open to water shortages when
rainfall is reduced and on the other hand , artificial applications of water
increase s the risk of contamination.
Irrigation is the artificial process of applying controlled amounts of water
to land to assist in production of crops through artificial means such as
pipes, ditches, sprinklers etc. Irrigation helps to grow agricultural crops,
maintain landscapes, reduce the effect of inadequate rainfall, and
revegetate disturbed soils in dry areas and during periods of less than
average rainfall.
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There are many types of irrigation systems, in which watthe entire field uniformly. through springs or wells, surface water, through rivers, lakes, or reservoirs, or even other sources, such as treated wastewater or desalinated water.
Sources of Irrigation in India Irrigation in India : Irrigation Projects in India are classified into three categories viz. MMedium and Major Irrigation. hectare or less are known as Minor projects, those which have a CCA of less than 10,000 hectare but more than 2,000 hectare are termed as Medium projects and those projects which have a Cultivable Command Area (CCA) of more than 10,000 hectarMinor irrigation projects have both surface and ground water as their source, while Major and Medium projects mostly exploit surface water resources. Check your progress Q1- Write a short note on Irrigation3.7 IMPORTANCE OF IRRIGATION:1) Agriculture many a times is insufficient or uncertain rain. Proper irrigation systems can secure uninterrupted agriculture.2) The productivity of irrigated land is more than the unCrop yields are consistently higher in irrigated areas than in rainfed areas.
3) Seeds cannot grow in dry soil as moisture is necessary for the germination of seedsmoisture content of soil for the gr
16%
3%
58 There are many types of irrigation systems, in which water is supplied to the entire field uniformly. Irrigation water can come from groundwater, through springs or wells, surface water, through rivers, lakes, or reservoirs, or even other sources, such as treated wastewater or desalinated
Sources of Irrigation in India – GKTodaygktoday.in Irrigation Projects in India are classified into three categories viz. Mor Irrigation. Projects which have a CCA of 2,000 hectare or less are known as Minor projects, those which have a CCA of less than 10,000 hectare but more than 2,000 hectare are termed as Medium projects and those projects which have a Cultivable Command Area (CCA) of more than 10,000 hectare are termed as Major Projects. Minor irrigation projects have both surface and ground water as their source, while Major and Medium projects mostly exploit surface water Check your progress Write a short note on Irrigation in India. IMPORTANCE OF IRRIGATION: many a times is greatly hampered due to irregular, insufficient or uncertain rain. Proper irrigation systems can secure uninterrupted agriculture. The productivity of irrigated land is more than the un-irrigated Crop yields are consistently higher in irrigated areas than in rainfed Seeds cannot grow in dry soil as moisture is necessary for the germination of seeds but the irrigation supply can ensure the required moisture content of soil for the growth of seed.
24%
46%
16%
11%Sources of Irrigation
Canals
Tube wellsOther wellsOther sourcesTankser is supplied to Irrigation water can come from groundwater, through springs or wells, surface water, through rivers, lakes, or reservoirs, or even other sources, such as treated wastewater or desalinated
Irrigation Projects in India are classified into three categories viz. Minor, CCA of 2,000 hectare or less are known as Minor projects, those which have a CCA of less than 10,000 hectare but more than 2,000 hectare are termed as Medium projects and those projects which have a Cultivable Command e are termed as Major Projects. Minor irrigation projects have both surface and ground water as their source, while Major and Medium projects mostly exploit surface water greatly hampered due to irregular, insufficient or uncertain rain. Proper irrigation systems can secure irrigated land. Crop yields are consistently higher in irrigated areas than in rainfed Seeds cannot grow in dry soil as moisture is necessary for the the required
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4) Multiple cropping in a year is possible through irrigation and can
enhance production & productivity. Two or three crops in a year are
cultivated with irrigation facilities in many parts of India.
5) It is possible to supply the required amount of hydrogen & oxygen,
which is important for the proper development of plant root through
irrigation.
6) A plant can absorb mineral nutrients from the irrigated soil, so
irrigation is essential for the general growth of the plant.
7) Bringing more land under cultivation is possible through irrigation.
8) Insufficient rain may also cause drought & famines but irrigation can
play a protective role during the period of drought & famines.
9) Irrigation contributes to the economic growth and poverty reduction.
Irrigation increases production and as a result substantial increase in
income is achieved in the countryside as income and employment are
closely related to output.
Check your progress
Q- Give the importance of irrigation.
3.8 SOURCES OF IRRIGATION:
The methods of irrigation changes on location and various factors such as
soil, rainfall, perennial and non-perennial river, ground availability and
nature of crops.
1) Canal Irrigation:
Canal irrigation is one of the most important sources of irrigation.It
accounts for about 24% of the total irrigation in the nation.It is an effective
source of irrigation in low-level relief, deep fertile soil and perennial river
areas.

Causes & Effects of Canal Irrigation ... aboutcivil.org
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There are two types of Canal Irrigation one is Inundation Canals and
another one is Perennial Canals.
Inundation Canals: The water is taken out without any barrage and dam,
Useful for diversion of flood and remains operational in the rainy season.

Inundation Canal Images, Stock Photos ... shutterstock.com
Perennial Canals:

Link canals, Baraages and Dams slideshare.net
Most canal in India falls under Perennial Canals by Constructing barrage
in the Perennial rivers.
2) Well Irrigation: Well, irrigation is popular in areas where tank and
canal irrigation is not available. Well, irrigation is cheap and dependable.
There are two types of Well Irrigation - Open Well and Tube Well.
Open Wells -Open Wells is widely used where there is sufficient
groundwater. Ex: Delta regions of Cauvery, Krishna, Godavari, Mahanadi
and part of Tapti and Narmada Valleys.

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Difference between Open Well & Tube ... youtube.com
Tube Wells -Tube wells are used in the areas where the surface is soft and
water table is low and are also drilled in hard rocky terrains. Ex: Tamil
Nadu, Madhya Pradesh, Punjab and Maharashtra.
3) Tank Irrigation:
Tank Irrigation is an old system of irrigation in India. Tanks are both
natural and man-made and Tank irrigation is popular in peninsular India.
A hollow is built on the surface by constructing bund across the stream,
canals.

Tank Irrigation in India indianetzone.com
The tanks are used to collect water during rainy season which is stored for
irrigation and other purposes.It includes Ponds and Lakes.
Check your progress
Q1- What are the different sources of irrigation?
3.9 METHODS OF IRRIGATION:
A) Modern Methods of Irrigation:
Various types of irrigation techniques differ in how the water obtained
from the source is distributed within the field. In general, the goal is to
supply the entire field uniformly with water, so that each plant has the
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amount of water it needs, neither too much nor too little.Methods of
irrigation depend on local conditions, including topography, crops to be
irrigated, the nature and location of the water supply, and drainage
characteristics of the soil. So modern irrigation methods fall into one of
five general categories: flooding, furrow irrigation, subirrigation,
sprinkling, and drip irrigation.
a) Surface Irrigation: In surface irrigation systems, water moves over
and across the land by simple gravity flow in order to wet it and to
infiltrate into the soil. Surface irrigation can be subdivided into furrow,
border strip or basin irrigation. It is often called flood irrigation when the
irrigation results in flooding or near flooding of the cultivated land. In the
flood irrigation method water covers the surface of the irrigation plot
continuously and is contained there by small dikes or ridges.

Surface Irrigation - an overview ... sciencedirect.com
The fields that are to be irrigated are usually divided into smaller basins.
Water is released from field ditches through siphons or by cutting
temporary gaps through the earthen ridge of secondary ditches. After
filling a basin with water, the farmer removes the siphons or closes the gap
and repeats the procedure at the next basin.
b) Furrow Irrigation:
In furrow irrigation many crops are irrigated by furrows, that are ditches
between the ridges on which crops are planted. The water, coming from
the laterals, is admitted to each furrow by cutting away a small earthen
dike, thus opening a gap. When the water in each furrow reaches the
desired level, the supply is cut off by reclosing the dike. Water seeps into
the soil and feeds

Furrow Irrigation High Resolution Stock …alamy.com
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the roots of the plants. This method is more expensive to build and to
operate compared to flooding. It can used for high-value crops such as
vegetables. One of the difficulties of furrow irrigation is ensuring uniform
dispersion of water over a given field. Another difficulty with furrow
irrigation is increased potential for water loss due to run off.
i) Surge irrigation:
Surge irrigation is a variant of furrow irrigation wherein the water supply
is purged on and off in planned time periods.

Surge Irrigation – Agristudyinfoagristudyinfo.com
The wetting and drying cycles in this type of irrigation reduce the
infiltration rates resulting in faster advance rates and higher uniform it is
then continuous flow.
ii) Ditch irrigation:
It is a traditional method, where ditches are dug and seedlings are planted
in rows and are watered by placing canals or furrows in between the rows
of plants.

Irrigation Ditch, Kerala, India-5.jpg ... flickr.com
Siphon tubes are used to move the water from the main ditch to the canals.
c) Subirrigation:
If soil conditions are favourable, and the groundwater table is near the
surface, subirrigation, or underbed irrigation, is used. Sub-irrigation also
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sometimes called seepage irrigation has been used for many years in field
crops in areas with high water tables. It is a method of artificially raising
the water table to allow the soil to be moistened from below the plants'
root zone. Here water is delivered to the field in ditches and allowed to
seep into the ground to maintain the desired groundwater level to feed the
roots of plants.

Subirrigation | Britannica britannica.com
A system of pumping stations, canals, weirs and gates allows it to increase
or decrease the water level in a network of ditches and thereby control the
water table. Compared with the flooding method, the amount of irrigation
water is reduced significantly, but subirrigation also requires water of
good quality and with low salt content. This approach is effective for
delicate plants such as strawberries, small fruits, and vegetables because it
keeps the tops of the plants dry and helps to prevent spoilage through rot
or mildew. Sub-irrigation is also used in commercial greenhouse
production, usually for potted plants. Water is delivered from below,
absorbed upwards, and the excess collected for recycling.
d) Localized Irrigation:
Localized irrigation is a system where water is distributed under low
pressure through a piped network, in a predetermined pattern, and applied
as a small discharge to each plant or adjacent to it. Drip irrigation, spray or
micro-sprinkler irrigation belong to this category of irrigation methods.
 Drip Irrigation:
Drip irrigation, also known as trickle irrigation, functions as its name
suggests. Water is delivered at or near the root zone of plants, drop by
drop. In drip, or trickle, irrigation, which was developed in Israel, a
perforated plastic pipe is laid on the ground. The perforations are designed
to release a controlled amount of water near the roots of plants.
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Drip Irrigation System - A Complete ... agrifarming.in
This method can be the most water efficient method of irrigation, if
managed properly, since evaporation and runoff are minimized. In modern
agriculture, drip irrigation is often combined with plastic mulch, further
reducing evaporation, and is also the means of delivery of fertilizer. This
method minimizes water losses due to both evaporation and deep seepage
below the root level. It is practiced mainly in areas where water supplies
are limited.Drip systemconsists of watering in drops near the root of plant
and is useful for big tree and horticulture. Pradhan Mantri Krishi
Sinchayee Yojana (PMKSY) is a Micro Irrigation scheme sponsored by
Government of India to promote drip and sprinkler irrigation to save water
which conveys the message PER DROP MORE CROP (improving water
use efficiency). Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh Karnataka, Gujarat, and
Tamil Nadu accounts 78% of total micro Irrigation in the country.
Sprinkler Irrigation:
In sprinkler or overhead irrigation, water is piped to one or more central
locations within the field and distributed by overhead high-pressure
sprinklers or guns. The sprinkler method is in some ways the most
convenient and efficient irrigation system. Most types of sprinklers require
piping and pumps. The water can be placed exactly where it is needed, and
the flow rate can be regulated more accurately than in other systems.
Sprinklers can also be used effectively on rough and hilly land without
smoothing and grading.
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Sprinkler Irrigation: A Potential Micro ... krishijagran.com
There are several types of sprinklers, some much like lawn sprinklers.
Units can be portable, permanent, or semipermanent. A system utilizing
sprinklers, sprays, or guns mounted overhead on permanently installed
risers is often referred to as a solid-set irrigation system. Higher pressure
sprinklers that rotate are called rotors and are driven by a ball drive, gear
drive, or impact mechanism. Guns are not only used for irrigation purpose,
but also for industrial applications such as dust suppression and logging.
Sprinklers can be mounted on moving platforms that are connected to the
water source by a hose. Automatically moving wheeled systems known as
traveling sprinklers may irrigate areas such as small farms, sports fields,
parks, pastures, and cemeteries unattended.
a) Rain Gun:

Rain Gun Sprinkler Irrigation System ... dreamstime.com

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In this method water is thrown like rain using Water gun or rain gun.These
sprinklers are used for crop having a height of 4 feet (1.22 m) or more.
b) Centre-Pivot Irrigation or Central Pivot Irrigation:

Advanced Technology on Agriculture ... articleshubspot.com
It is also called as Waterwheel or Circle Irrigation and has a sprinkler that
rotates and waters the crops.
c) Multipurpose River Valley Projects:
It consists ofManagement of water using scientific methods such as the
construction of dams across rivers.

Multipurpose River Valley Projects in India allexamgurublog.com
Multipurpose river valley project is multipurpose applications such as the
combination of Irrigation with Hydro Power Plantsused for Controlling of
floods, fisheries, Industrial needs and Navigation etc.

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Check your progress
Q- What are the different modern methods of irrigation?
B) Conventional or Traditional Methods of Irrigation:
The following irrigation methods were used in earlier days and even today
some small farmers in rural areas today also use them. These methods are
not as efficient as modern methods but are cheaper than the modern
methods. Some of these methods are,
1) Moat or Pulley System:

in.pinterest.com
It involves drawing of water from a well or other such source with the help
of animals (bullocks) to irrigate the land. It is a time consuming and labour
intensive process, It is very cost-efficient and avoids wastage of water.
2) Chain Pump:
A chain pump consists of two large wheels connected by a chain wherein
one wheel is on the ground, other is in the water source.

chain pump – YouTube youtube.com
Buckets are attached to the chain and as the wheel turns, the bucket picks
up water. The chain later lifts the water filled bucket to the upper wheel
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where the water gets deposited into a source which is used for irrigation
and the empty bucket gets carried back down to the water source to fill
again.
3) Dhekli:
It is a process of drawing water from a well or such similar source wherein
a wooden beam is put over a forked support with long arm of wooden
beam is towards well while short arm is away from it.

Different Methods of Irrigation sciencemilkyway.blogspot.com
Weight is tied to the shorter arm to counter balance and bucket is attached
to the longer arm with a rope and is pulled down in the well. As soon as
the bucket is filled the rope is released and the weight of the stone pushes
the bucket up.
4) Rahat:
Animal labour is used in Rahat. It contains a large wheel tied above the
well and a long belt containing many metal pots.

pinterest.com
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Wheel is rotated with the help of lever pulled by bullock. When the wheel
rotates the lower end belt dips in water from the well, the metal pots get
filled with water, they are drawn up and water is emptied and the process
is repeated.
Check your progress
Q1- Write a note on Conventional or Traditional Methods of
Irrigation.
3.10 IRRIGATION WATER MANAGEMENT:
Irrigation water management is the process of determining and controlling
the volume, frequency and application rate of irrigation water in a
planned, efficient manner. Irrigation is an artificial application of water to
the soil through various systems of tubes, pumps, and sprays and it is
normally used in areas where rainfall is inconsistent or dry conditions or
drought is expected.

Basics of Irrigation Water Management ... agrilearner.com
Irrigation water management is the act of timing and regulating irrigation
water applications in a way that will satisfy the water requirement of the
crop without the waste of water, soil, plant nutrients, or energy. It means
applying water according to crop needs in amounts that can be held in the
soil available to crops and at rates consistent with the intake characteristics
of the soil and the erosion hazard of the site.
Management is a prime factor in the success of an irrigation system. Large
quantities of water, and often large labour inputs, are required for
irrigation. The irrigator can realize profits from investments in irrigation
equipment only if water is used efficiently.
The net results of proper irrigation water management typically:
• Prevent excessive use of water for irrigation purposes
• Prevent irrigation induced erosion
• Reduce labour
• Minimize pumping costs
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• Maintain or improve quality of ground water and downstream surface
water
• Increase crop biomass yield and product quality
Tools, aids, practices, and programs to assist the irrigator in applying
proper irrigation water management include:
• Applying the use of water budgets or balances to identify potential water
application improvements.
• Applying the knowledge of soil characteristics for water release,
allowable irrigation application rates, available water capacity, and
water table depths
• Applying the knowledge of crop characteristics for water use rates,
growth characteristics, yield and quality, rooting depths, and allowable
plant moisture stress levels.
• Water delivery schedule effects
• Water flow measurement for on field water management
• Irrigation scheduling techniques
• Irrigation system evaluation techniques
Irrigation Water Management (IWM) Concepts:
The simplest and basic irrigation water management tool is the equation:
QT = DA
Where: Q = flow rate [ft3/s (cubic feet per second)]
T = time (hr)
D = depth (in)
A = area (acres)
For example, a flow rate of 1cfs (cubic feet per second) for 1 hour = 1 inch
depth over 1 acre. This simple equation modified by an overall irrigation
efficiency, can be used to calculate the daily water supply needs by plants,
number of acres irrigable from a source, or the time required to apply a
given depth of water from an irrigation well or diversion. Typically over
80 percent of IWM concerns can be at least partly clarified by the
application of this equation.
When to Irrigate:
This is dependent on the crop water use rate, (sometimes referred to as
irrigation frequency). This can be determined by calculation of ETC (crop
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events. Applied irrigation water should always be considered
supplemental to rainfall events. The irrigation decision maker should leave
between 0.5 and 1.0 inch of available water capacity in the soil profile
unfilled for storage of potential rainfall. Rainfall probability during a
specific crop growing period and the level of risk to be taken must be
carefully considered by the irrigation decision maker.
Check your progress
Q1- Answer in brief Irrigation Water Management.
3.11 SUMMARY:
Agriculture plays an essential role in the process of economic
development in India. besides providing food to nation agriculture releases
labour, provides saving , contributes to the market of industrial goods and
also earns foreign exchange. Agricultural development is an integral part
of overall economic development. In the mid-1960s, the Indian
government adopted a new agricultural strategy the modern agricultural
technology (seed-fertilizer-water technology) termed as Green Revolution.
It has been the most important technical advancement in Indian agriculture
during the plan period. Another important facet of progress in agriculture
is its success in eradicating of its dependence on imported food-grains.
The National Agriculture Policy approved by the Government of India
during 2000, aimed to achieve annual growth of more than 4 per cent in
the agriculture sector on a sustainable basis, through the efficient use of
natural resources and combination of other measures. The National Policy
for Farmers will be adapted and operationalised to suit the local needs in
different states and union territories. State governments would be
supported to convert national goals into local action points by preparing
operational plans for implementing this policy, taking into account the
agroclimatic and other local conditions.
Irrigation is a vital input to increase agricultural output to keep pace with
food requirements of the ever increasing population. It is one of the key
elements to boost and establish agricultural production. The availability of
timely and sufficient supply of water is an essential prerequisite to
transform traditional agriculture into a modern agriculture.
Irrigation is assigned a crucial role as it is the single most important factor
which facilitates the fuller utilization of scarce farm land resources and
can facilitate acceptance of improved technology at the farm level.
3.12 SELF STUDY:
Q-01 What are the objectives or major goals of the National Policy for
Farmers?
Q-02 What are the other policy measures for the well-being and livelihood
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Q-03 What are the features ofNational Policy for Farmers 2007?
Q-04 What are the Provision or Policy Suggestions ofNational Policy for
Farmers 2007?
Q-05 What are the drawbacks of National Policy for Farmers 2007?
Q-06 Give the importance of irrigation.
Q-07 What are the different sources of irrigation?
Q-08 What are the different modern methods of irrigation?
Q-09 Answer in brief Irrigation Water Management.
Q-10Write short notes on:
a) Agricultural Development. b) Irrigation in India. c) Furrow Irrigation
d) Subirrigation. e) Localised irrigation f) Sprinkler irrigation g) Irrigation
Water Management (IWM) Concepts
Q–11. Write a note on:
1. National Agricultural Policy 2007 and Food Security.
2. Conventional or Traditional Methods of Irrigation.
References:
 http://mospi.nic.in/sites/default/files/Statistical_year_book_india_cha
pters/ch12.pdf
 https://kids.britannica.com/students/article/irrigation/275094
 https://www.cdc.gov/healthywater/other/agricultural/types.html
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irrigation
 https://civiltoday.com/water-resource-engineering/irrigation/63-
importance-of-irrigation-
 https://www.smsfoundation.org/water-management/
 https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/nrcs141p2_
017781.pdf
 https://thefactfactor.com/facts/pure_science/biology/irrigation/2277/
 https://www.teachoo.com/9803/2972/Step-4---
Irrigation/category/Concepts/
 https://www.ijntr.org/download_data/IJNTR05060026.pdf
 https://www.toppr.com/guides/biology/crop-production-and-
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 https://www.biologydiscussion.com/articles/traditional-and-modern-
irrigation-methods/2419
 https://www.economicsdiscussion.net/agriculture/development/agricu
ltural-development-in-india/12865
 https://digitalcommons.kennesaw.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=10
07&context=jekem
 https://agricoop.nic.in/sites/default/files/npff2007%20%281%29.pdf
 https://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/economics/short-notes-on-the-
national-policy-for-farmers-2007/2716
 http://mail.cuts-citee.org/pdf/BP06-DI-4.pdf
 https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/nrcs141p2_
017781.pdf
 https://www.economicsdiscussion.net/essays/irrigation-importance-
sources-development-and-limitations/2108
 https://andedge.com/sources-of-irrigation-in-india-upsc/
 https://www.toppr.com/guides/biology/crop-production-and-
management/irrigation/
 https://thefactfactor.com/facts/pure_science/biology/irrigation/2277/
 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/342702955_Irrigation_wate
r_management_in_India_Ancient_to_Modern_era

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4
AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITIES AND
KVK
Prof. Sachin B. Raut

Unit Structure :
4.0 Objectives
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Establishment
4.3 Importance and Need
4.4 Function
4.5 Summary
4.6 Self Study
4.0 OBJECTIVES:
 To know about the Agricultural Universities in India
 To study the importance of Krishi Vigyan Kendra KVK
 To study the functions of KVK
4.1 INTRODUCTION:
The Department of Agricultural Research and Education (DARE) was
established in the Ministry of Agriculture in December 1973 coordinating
and promoting agricultural research and education in the country. It is the
nodal agency for International Cooperati on in the area of agricultural
research and education in India. DARE liaises with foreign governments,
United nations ( UN), Consultative Group on International Agricultural
Research (CGIAR ) and other multilateral agencies for cooperation in
various areas of agricultural research. It also coordinates admissions of
foreign students in different Indian Agriculture Universities / ICAR
institutes. DARE provides the essential government linkages for the Indian
Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) an autonomous organisation.
Formerly ICAR known as Imperial Council of Agricultural Research was
established on 16th July 1929 as a registered society under the societies
Registration Act 1860 in pursuance of the report of the Royal Commission
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ICAR is the premier research organization for coordinating, guiding and
manging research and education in agriculture including horticulture,
fisheries and animal sciences in the whole country. ICAR is an apex
research organization of the country with a high standing amongst
international agricultural research institutions. Si nce its inception in 1930,
the Council has been spearheading agricultural research, education and
extension activities for productivity enhancement and diversification of
Indian agriculture. The world as a whole is undergoing several
transformative changes . Growing population, changing lifestyles,
expanding urbanization and accelerated climate changes are creating new
challenges for the national agricultural research system. Whereas in the
past, the challenge was to supply adequate food, but now it is to pr ovide
adequate nutrients to promote health; and in the future, the challenge
would be to provide optimal nutrients based on individual’s genetic
profile. Fortunately, along with challenges, the developments in science
are creating new avenues for tackling the challenges. The Indian Council
of Agricultural Research (ICAR) and the National Agricultural Research
and Education System at large, are determined to harness the advances of
science for the welfare of society. The Council is committed to transform
itself into an organization engaged fully with the farmers, industry,
entrepreneurs and consumers at large.
Apart from ICAR DARE has three more autonomous body, viz. the
Central Agricultural University Imphal, Dr Rajendra Prasad Central
Agricultural Universit y Pusa, Bihar and Rani Laxmi Bai Central
Agricultural University, Jhansi under its administrative control and are
wholly financed by the Government of India.
Check your progress
Q1- Write short note on DARE
Agricultural Universities (AUs) are mostly publ ic universities in India
engaged in teaching, research and extension in agriculture and related
disciplines. Agricultural education in India has evolved into a large and
distinct domain, often separately from other areas of higher education.
Many of these universities are member of a registered society, the Indian
Agricultural Universities Association. Indian Council of Agricultural
Research (ICAR) is the main regulatory authority of agricultural education
in India, while the disciplines of veterinary, medi cines and forestry are
regulated by the Veterinary Council of India and Indian Council of
Forestry Research and Education respectively. Based on the decrees of
establishingthese universities, the agricultural universities in India can be
organized into dif ferent types – Central Agricultural Universities, Deemed
Agricultural Universities and State Agricultural Universities.
Central Agricultural Universities (CAU) :
There are certain provisions in the Constitution of India that allows it to
legislate on matter s such a agricultural research and education in certain
conditions as such when Rajya Sabha passes a resolution to this effect by
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a resolution to do so (Article 252) or (Article 253) to implement decisions
taken in international conferences. The Central Agricultural University at
Imphal was incorporated by an act (No.4 of 1992)of parliament which
caters to many states in northeast India. The Rani Lakshmi Bai Central
Agricultural U niversity bill introduced in the Rajya Sabha on 22nd may
2012 incorporated a CAU at Jhansi catering to the Bundelkhand region
covering the two states of Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh.
Pusa (Samastipur) in Bihar contributed a lot to the field of agricul tural
research and education. Taking into account the importance of the land in
Pusa in agricultural research Government of India decided to change the
status of Rajendra Agricultural University from the State Agricultural
University (SAU) to Central Agric ultural University (CAU) was renamed
as Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University. To accomplish
this on May 28, 2016 a bill was passed by the parliament and enacted as
Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University Act, 2016 with effect
from October 07, 2016. Accordingly the University is governed by the
provisions of Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University Act,
2016.
Deemed Universities :
Deemed Universities are not established by an act of independent
legislation. They are decl ared to function as universities by government of
India under section 3 of the University Grants Commission (UGC) Act
1956. As per this section, “The Central Government may, on the advice of
the Commission, declare by notification in the Official Gazette, that any
institution for higher education, other than a University, shall be deemed
to be a University for the purposes of this Act, and on such a declaration
being made, all the provisions of this Act shall apply to such institution as
if it were a Univer sity within the meaning of clause (f) of section 2 ”. The
provision of deemed universities enables the central government to
incorporate an agricultural university without the need of parliamentary
legislation. Most of the deemed universities are sponsored by Indian
Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) .
State Agricultural Universities:
After Independence before India agriculture and rural development was
one of the greatest challenge and this necessitated the availability of
trained human resources in these areas. The first Education Commission
of India (1949), which was headed by Sarvep alli Radhakrishnan,
recommended to set up rural universities in India. The founding legislative
act for establishing an agricultural university – the UP Act XI -V of
1958was declared by the state legislature of UP. Thus, the first state
agricultural univers ity of India the G. B. Pant University of Agriculture
and Technology was established in Pantnagar in Uttarakhand. State
Agricultural Universities (SAUs) are the predominant class of agricultural
universities in India. they are established by an act of stat e legislature with
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Features of SAUs:
The main feature of SAUs is its triple mandate of teaching, research and
agricultural extension. The academic programs are strongly influenced by
the American system as the initial SAUs were established with technical
cooperation from United States land-grant universities. The undergraduate
degree programs of SAUs are of minimum four years of duration and they
follow a trimester or a semester system with credit-based and continuous
evaluation on a 5-point or 10-point GPA scale. As it is envisioned in
ICARs Model Act for Agricultural Universities, most of the SAUs are
non-affiliated to Universities. SAUs in Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu,
Chhattisgarh etc. have affiliated private agricultural colleges and also have
territorial jurisdiction.
Check your progress
Q1- Answer in detail about the Agricultural Universities in India.
4.2 ESTABLISHMENT OF KVK:
Krishi Vigyan Kendra (KVK) is a noble concept developed by Indian
Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR), rested on a solid base of
transfer of technology from laboratory to farmer field with respect to
Agriculture, Horticulture, Animal Husbandry, Floriculture, Bee keeping,
Mushroom Cultivation, Broiler Farming and allied subjects. As per
recommendations of Mohan Singh Mehta committee during 1974, KVKs
were established in different states. Gradually working guidelines are
prepared to make the KVKs as the lighthouse for the rural people.The
first KVK was established in 1974 at Puducherry and at present there are
722 KVKs in India. The KVK scheme is 100% financed by Govt. of India
and the KVKs are sanctioned to Agricultural Universities, ICAR institutes,
related Government Departments and Non-Government Organizations
(NGOs) working in Agriculture.

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KVK, is an integral part of the National Agricultural Research System
(NARS), aims at assessment of location specific technology modules in
agriculture and allied enterprises, through technology assessment,
refinement and demonstrations. KVKs have been functioning as
Knowledge and Resource Centre of agricultural technology supporting
initiatives of public, private and voluntary sector for improving the
agricultural economy of the district and are linking the NARS with the
extension system and farmers.
ICAR emphasized on agricultural research and allied activities to generate
new technology to increase crop production in different agroclimatic
zones of the country. A lot of technologies were generated through
constant efforts of the scientists to boost up the production. But the
technologies so generated in the research fields were not transferred
through extension agencies of different state government. It was observed
that many technologies could not reach the farmer due to high cost of
production, lack of the interest of the extension agencies. Hence, the
transfer of technology was not complete and effective. Later on KVKs
were established for easy and active participation of farmers through Front
Line Demonstration (FLD) and On Farm Testing (OFT).
Check your progress
Q1- Why were KVKs established?
Categories of Scientists in KVK:
As per the mandate of ICAR, KVK will operate under the administrative
control of State Agricultural University (SAU) or Central Institute situated
in a particular area. Different Scientists from different disciplines as per
the subject requirement of that particular area are posted in the KVK as
Training Associate. Generally there are six categories of scientists posted
in the KVK i.e.
(i) Training Associate (Crop Production) to look after the experiment on
field crops as well as provide training and advice on different field
crops.
(ii) Training Associate (Horticulture) looks after the training and
demonstration on Horticultural crops like vegetables, fruits and
flowers.
(iii)Training Associate (Plants Protection) provides training and
demonstration on control of different pests and diseases on different
crops. He also imparts training and advice on different types of
pesticides and insecticides, their methods and time of application.
(iv) Training Associate (Animal Science) looks after overall growth and
management of animal resource of that particular area. He also
imparts training and advices on broiler farming, goat/sheep rearing as
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(v) Training Associate (Agricultural Engineering) looks after the use of
different agricultural implements in the field for different agricultural
operations through training, demonstrations and on farm testing.
(vi) Training Associate (Home Science) is involved in the improvement of
skill and attitude of the farmer and rural youths as well as provides
advices and training on kitchen gardening, preparation of nutritional
food, preservation & storage of fruits and vegetables and different
handicrafts in the adopted village.
Check your progress
Q1- What are the different categories of scientists posted in KVK?

Integration of Extension Programmes at the District and Sub district
LevelsIcar.org
ATMA with the help of different departments of ICAR and KVKs
implements various programmes at district, block and village level. The
following figure shows the Integration of Extension Programmes at the
District and Sub District Levels.
Training Organizer, head of the KVK family coordinates the work of all
scientists for smooth functioning of the KVK as well as for the benefit of
the rural people of that particular area. He is also liasoning with other line
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departments for coordination and effective implementation of different
programmes of the KVK in the adopted village. Every KVK adopts 4-6
villages that are economically, culturally and technologically backwards
within 10-20 km. radius of the KVK. These villages are neither too small
nor too large. Before adoption, a detailed survey of the village is
conducted to study the socio-economic and cultural status of that village.
Now-a day's Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) tool is used to conduct
the survey in which the village people actively participate in the process.
The village map is drawn with the help of different colors by the villager’s
themselves, and different prominent structures of the village such as
school, temple, river, club etc. are depicted in that map. These structures
help the scientist to conduct the survey easily and smoothly. Based on the
survey the field crop maps, animal resource map and other ancillary maps
are prepared for future use. After the survey work, detailed plan of work is
chalked out and depending upon the requirement different activities are
undertaken in different areas by KVK scientists.
Check your progress
Q1- How does ATMA implement various programs with the help of
different departments?
Public Research Extension






Traditional Technology Transfer System for Staple Food CropsIcar.org
To overcome the Traditional Technology Transfer System for Staple Food
Crops ATMA takes steps in Developing a Market Driven Extension
System and is shown through the figure shown below:
Genetics,
Seeds and
Inputs On -Farm
Production Post-
Harvest
Handling
and
Processing Marketing
and
Exporting End users
and
Consumers
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Icar.org
4.3 IMPORTANCE AND NEED:
Currently, the agriculture R & E system in India is dominated by the
public sector and is led by the Indian Council of Agriculture Research
(ICAR). After the discontinuation of the World Bank's Training &
Visiting (T&V) Programme in the early 1990s, the Indian Government,
with the support of World Bank introduced the Agricultural Technology
Management Agency (ATMA) in 1998. ATMA created a platform for
convergence of human and financial resources available in the
government, civil society, farm community and private sector. The ATMA
society registered at the district level was mandated to coordinate all
ongoing extension efforts in the district and converge and share resources
in a targeted fashion.
ATMA is a society of key stakeholders involved in agricultural activities
for sustainable agricultural development in the district. It is a focal point to
integrate Research and Extension activities and decentralize the day-to-
day management of the public Agricultural Technology System (ATS). It
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is a linkage to all the line departments, research organizations, non-
governmental organizations and agencies associated with agricultural
development in the district. Research and Extension units within the
project districts such as Zonal Research Stations (ZRS or substations),
Krishi Vigyan Kendra’s (KVKs) and the departments of agriculture,
animal husbandry, horticulture and fisheries, etc. are the constituent
members of ATMA. Collaboration of KVK and ATMA acts as a bridge
between the farmers and scientist’s. Each district has a KVK playing a
critical role in both on-farm research and training farmers in new
production and value-added processing technologies. The Project Director
helps to coordinate and integrate all the agricultural research and extension
activities carried out within the district.
Other major players providing extension services in the public sector are
Krishi Vigyan Kendra’s (KVK), State Agricultural Universities (SAU)
and Information and Communication Technology (ICT) - led extension
interventions by Department of Agriculture Cooperation & Farmers
Welfare (DACFW) - Government of India. KVKs are field research units
of the ICAR and are meant to test new seed varieties, agronomic practices,
machinery etc. in field conditions across different agroclimatic zones
before they are cleared for adoption by farmers. Additionally, they
conduct farmer outreach programmes through on-farm demonstration
plots, training etc. The SAUs are another important arm for promoting
extension activities in the states. While their main mandate is formal
degree programmes in major agricultural disciplines, they provide
extension and training support through the directorate of extension and
education.
The information flow is mainly from the universities to the KVKs, which
are responsible for training farmers. An important reform undertaken in
recent years by the Ministry of Agriculture at the national level has been
the increasing use of modern technologies and communication strategies
to help educate farmers. Since ICT has significant potential to reach large
numbers of farmers in a cost-effective manner, several schemes have been
initiated such as Farmer's Portal, m-Kisan, Kisan Call Centre, Kisan TV
channel, Agriculture Clinic and Agriculture Business Centres, Agriculture
Fairs and Exhibitions and community radio stations. Agriculture extension
services by the private sector are mostly delivered by input dealers, such
as those marketing seeds, fertilizers, pesticide and farm machinery.
Additionally, Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs), such as
Professional Assistance for Development Action (PRADAN), BAIF
Development Research Foundation (earlier registered as Bharatiya Agro-
Industries Federation) and Action for Food Production (AFPRO) are
actively involved in promoting extension activities in more than one state.
PRADAN has mainly focused on promoting livelihood of the poor in
different sectors ranging from agriculture and natural resource
management to micro-enterprise in rural areas across eight states in India.
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livestock development, environment conservation, and water resource
management across 16 states.
Check your progress
Q1- Give the Importance and Need of KVK.
4.4 FUNCTION:
Objectives of KVK:
1) To demonstrate the new improved technology to the farmers as well as
to the extension agencies directly in the farmers field with their active
participation.
2) To identify the important problems of that area as per the need of the
farmers and prioritization of the identified problems as per their
importance.
3) To collect feedback from the farmers and extension agencies and to
communicate these messages to research scientists for modification of
technology.
4) To impart training on different topics to different groups of villagers.
5) To provide new and important information to the extension agencies
and NGOs for wider circulation in that locality to improve their
economic condition.
6) To prepare different extension models and verify these models in the
farmers field with their participation to create confidence among them.
Evaluation of KVKs by National Institute of Labour Economics
Research and Development - NILERD (an institute of NITI Aayog):
1) On an average each KVK covers 43 villages and 4,300 farmers
2) About 80% of Villages covered by KVK are over 10 Km away from
the KVK
3) Off Campus activities are more than On Campus
4) 96% of farmers' requests were attended by KVKs
5) 42% of technologies adopted by farmers resulted in higher
productivity
6) On an average each KVK trained about 100 persons annually on Agri-
Preneurship
7) About 25% of the persons trained started self-employment venture
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8) KVKs reported an edge over other organisations providing technology
services
Use of Technology by KVK:
A) The main mandate of Krishi Vigyan Kendra is to conduct the variety of
trainings for the benefit of farmers, rural youth and extension personnel of
the district. Training programmes helps the farmers to be aware of the
latest technical knowledge and skills related to agriculture and allied field.
KVK training programmes starts with identification of training needs in
the villages. Then the training programmes are conducted to improve the
knowledge and develop new skills required for adoption of the latest
technology and build up scientific attitude among the farming community.
B) KVKs play an important role in transforming rural India. It was
understood that interventions of KVKs should target the family and not
the individual farmer. KVKs should come out of ‘inside the wheel’
approach and should also cater to the needs of small and marginal farmers
with innovative mind-sets. A number of farmers are doing various
innovations that should be taken note of. There is also a need to follow
bottom-up approach and researches done at field level should reach the
laboratories for validation.
C) Government took initiatives to strengthen the existing 642 KVKs and
setup 109 new ones during the Twelfth plan period to carry out its wide
range of mandated activities and initiation of new components. At present
there are 694 KVKs. The Union Budget 2016-17 has proposed to hold a
national level competition amongst KVKs with prize money of Rs.50 lakh
to foster positive competition amongst them. KVKs play an increasingly
important role in transforming agriculture, a key ingredient to transform
India.
D) Dr. Yogesh Suri is Adviser, NITI Aayog and Director General,
NILERD, an autonomous Institution under NITI Aayog bringing about
awareness about “Lab to land”. To improve productivity levels of various
crops, the Government is giving priority to save our natural resources like
soil and water and Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchayee Yojana to improve
soil health and achieve more crop production per drop of water.
E) An agricultural invention-and-innovation continuum in all facets of
agriculture and allied activities with its effective diffusion is the key to
sustainably increase the agricultural production and productivity with
environment sustainability. With half of the workforce engaged in
agricultural sector in India, the role of science and technology in
agriculture is pertinent to not only ensure food security of the country, but
also to provide farmers a competitive edge and to maintain affordability of
the food items for the public at large. To realize their true potential,
farmers must have access to the state-of-the-art technologies, necessary
inputs and related information. In this context, the Government of India
through ICAR has established a large network of over 722 KVKs across
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knowledge dissemination and provide critical input support for the farmers
with a multidisciplinary approach.
Report of NILERD under NITI Aayog:
1) To find out the impact of KVKs on dissemination of improved practices
and technologies, in terms of outreach, knowledge, accessibility etc. a
study was recently awarded by the ICAR to the National Institute of
Labour Economics Research and Development (NILERD), an autonomous
institute under NITI Aayog. The study intended to examine the efficacy of
KVKs’ services, assess them in terms of infrastructure and human
resources, impact of new knowledge and practices on farmers’ farming
practices and the effect of new knowledge adoption by farmers on their
incomes and quality of life. It was based on field surveys of 46 KVKs,
covering about 1800 farmers in five States viz. Rajasthan, Madhya
Pradesh, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu and Arunachal Pradesh following
stratified random sampling technique. To substantiate, focused group
discussions (FGDs) were conducted with various stakeholders and best
practices were culled out.
2) The study found that KVKs played a proactive role in transferring new
technology at field level with beneficial impacts. They have an edge in
technology transfer over other service providers by virtue of their having
better technical expertise and demonstration units.
3) About 40 percent farmers reported that they implemented the
technology immediately after its dissemination by KVK and that 25
percent did so from the next agricultural season. With the intervention by
KVKs, about 80 percent of the farmers have modified their agricultural
patterns which were related to diversification of crops and changes in
cropping pattern, seed planting technique, use of fertilizers and pesticides,
changes in machinery used and in water use pattern. More than 50 percent
of the farmers have mechanized their farm operations; however,
ownership of farm machinery and technology adoption increased with the
size of holdings and education level of the farmers.
4) It has been found that the technologies adopted resulted in higher
productivity, enhanced incomes and reduction of drudgery. The KVKs
reported that a number of technologies were gender sensitive and had
helped in reduction of drudgery, income enhancement and development of
self-confidence among women. Enhanced incomes are spent in
construction of house, better education and health for family and better
inputs for agriculture; some improper use of enhanced income has also
been observed, which needs to be guided more to channelize into better
use.
KVK System - Mandate and Activities:
The mandate of KVK is Technology Assessment and Demonstration for
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To implement the mandate effectively, the following activities are
envisaged for each KVK:
1) On-farm testing to assess the location specificity of agricultural
technologies under various farming systems.
2) Frontline demonstrations to establish production potential of
technologies on the farmer’s fields.
3) Capacity development of farmers and extension personnel to update
their knowledge and skills on modern agricultural technologies.
4) To work as Knowledge and Resource Centre of agricultural
technologies for supporting initiatives of public, private and voluntary
sector in improving the agricultural economy of the district.
5) Provide farm advisories using ICT and other media means on varied
subjects of interest to farmers.
KVKs also produce quality technological products (seed, planting
material, bio-agents, livestock) and make it available to farmers, organize
frontline extension activities, identify and document selected farm
innovations and converge with ongoing schemes and programs within the
mandate of KVK.
Check your progress
Q1- Give the Objectives and Mandates of KVK.
4.5 SUMMARY:
The Department of Agricultural Research and Education (DARE) was
established in the Ministry of Agriculture in December 1973 coordinating
and promoting agricultural research and education in the country. DARE
liaises with foreign governments, United nations (UN), Consultative
Group on International Agricultural Research(CGIAR) and other
multilateral agencies for cooperation in various areas of agricultural
research. It also coordinates admissions of foreign students in different
Indian Agriculture Universities / ICAR institutes. ICAR is the premier
research organization for coordinating, guiding and manging research and
education in agriculture including horticulture, fisheries and animal
sciences in the whole country. ICAR is an apex research organization of
the country with a high standing amongst international agricultural
research institutions.Agricultural Universities (AUs) are mostly public
universities in India engaged in teaching, research and extension in
agriculture and related disciplines. Based on the decrees of establishing
these universities, the agricultural universities in India can be organized
into different types – Central Agricultural Universities, Deemed
Agricultural Universities and State Agricultural Universities.
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Krishi Vigyan Kendra (KVK) is a noble concept developed by Indian
Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR), rested on a solid base of
transfer of technology from laboratory to farmer field with respect to
Agriculture, Horticulture, Animal Husbandry, Floriculture, Bee keeping,
Mushroom Cultivation, Broiler Farming and allied subjects. As per
recommendations of Mohan Singh Mehta committee during 1974, KVKs
were established in different states. Gradually working guidelines are
prepared to make the KVKs as the lighthouse for the rural people.
KVKs have been functioning as Knowledge and Resource Centre of
agricultural technology supporting initiatives of public, private and
voluntary sector for improving the agricultural economy of the district and
are linking the NARS with the extension system and farmers.
After the discontinuation of the World Bank's Training & Visiting (T&V)
Programme in the early 1990s, the Indian Government, with the support of
World Bank introduced the Agricultural Technology Management Agency
(ATMA) in 1998. ATMA is a society of key stakeholders involved in
agricultural activities for sustainable agricultural development in the
district and is the linkage to all the line departments, research
organizations, non-governmental organizations and agencies associated
with agricultural development in the district. Research and Extension units
within the project districts such as Zonal Research Stations (ZRS or
substations), Krishi Vigyan Kendra’s (KVKs) and the departments of
agriculture, animal husbandry, horticulture and fisheries, etc. are the
constituent members of ATMA. Collaboration of KVK and ATMA acts as
a bridge between the farmers and scientist’s.
4.6 SELF STUDY:
Q- 01 Answer in detail about the Agricultural Universities in India.
Q- 02 Why were KVKs established?
Q- 03 What are the different categories of scientists posted in KVK?
Q- 04 How does ATMA implement various programs with the help of
different departments?
Q- 05 Give the Importance and Need of KVK.
Q- 06 Give the Objectives and Mandates of KVK.
Q- 07 Write short notes on:
a) DARE
b) Use of Technology by KVK
c) Report of NILERD under NITI Aayog
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e) Deemed Agricultural Universities
f) State Agricultural Universities
g) Features of State Agricultural Universities
References:
 https://icar.gov.in/content/state-agricultural-universities
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agricultural_Universities_(India)#cite_
note-1
 https://icar.org.in/content/about-us
https://icar.org.in › content › about-us
 http://dare.nic.in/major-functions
 https://kvk.icar.gov.in/aboutkvk.aspx
 https://www.rpcau.ac.in/about-pusa/
 University of Mumbai, Ph.D.Thesis of Dr. Anjali Patil.


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5
SOURCES OF RURAL EMPLOYMENT
Prof. Vivek Chavan

Unit Structure :
5.0 Objectives
5.1 Introduction a) Self Help Group
5.2 Concept
5.3 Origin and Development
5.4 Features
5.5 Importance in Rural Development
5.6 Introduction b) Maharashtra State Rural Livelihood Mission
(MSRLM)
5.7 Features
5.8 Concept of Dash asutri
5.9 Self Help Group and Dash asutri
5.10 Summary
5.11 Self study
5.0 OBJECTIVES:
 To understand the concept of SHGs
 To understand the importance of SHGs in Rural Development
 To understand the concept of Dash asutri
 To know about SHGs and Dash asutri
5.1 INTRODUCTION
a) Self Help Group :
A committee was constituted under the chairmanship of Dr. C. Rangarajan
to prepare a comprehensive report on ‘Financial Inclusion in the country’.
It identified four major reasons for lack of financial inclusion -
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d) Inability to provide collateral security

Self Help Group Management Software(SHG ... indiamart.com
Self-Help Groups (SHGs) are the informal associations of people who
choose to come together to find ways to improve their living conditions.
SHG is defined as “Self-governed, peer -controlled information group of
people with similar socio -economic background having a desire to
collectively perform common purpose. ”Various problems related to
poverty, illiteracy, lack of skills, lack of formal credit, etc. are faced by the
people in r ural areas and these problems can’t be handled at individual
level. It needs collective level.

Women' s Self Help Groups by way of ... donboscokds.com
Self Help Group can become a medium of change for the poor and
marginalized people as SHG rely on the concept of “Self Help” to
encourage self -employment and poverty alleviation. A self -help group is
define d as “A group consisting of people who have personal experience of
a similar issue or life situation, either directly or through their family and
friends”. Sharing the experiences enables the group members of the SHGs
to give each other a unique quality of mutual support and to pool practical
information and ways of coping.

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Self-Help Groups Empower Poor Rural ... carnegiecouncil.org
Self-Help groups are small informal associations of the poor setup at the
grass root level for the purpose to enable members to reap economic
benefits out of mutual help solitarily and jointly. Self-Help Groups
mobilize small savings either on weekly or monthly basis from people
who were not expected to have any savings. They have been able to
effectively recycle the resources generated among the members to meet
the productive and emergent credit needs of member s of the group.
SHGs look up to build the functional capacity of the poor and the
marginalized people in the field of employment and income generating
activities. Conflicts in the village or groups are resolved through collective
leadership and mutual discussion. Collater al free loan is provided with
terms decided by the group at market driven rates. SHGs work as a
collective guarantee system for members who propose to borrow from
organized sources. The poor people collect their savings keep in the banks
and in return they get easy access to loans with a small rate of interest to
start their micro unit enterprise. As a result Self -Help Groups have
emerged as the most effective mechanism for delivery of microfinance
services to the poor.
Check your progress
Q1- Discuss Sel f-Help Group.
5.2 CONCEPT OF SELF -HELP GROUP:
 SHGs are novel and innovative organizational setup in India for the
women upliftment and welfare. All women in India are given chance
to join any one of SHGs for training and development, so as to be
prospectiv e entrepreneur and skilled worker. The SHGs are promoted
by the Government as if women in India may not be resourceful
enough to be entrepreneurs. When the SHGs arrange training facilities
to carry out certain kind of work which are suitable for women in
India, bank must arrange financial assistance to carry out
manufacturing and trading activities, arranging marketing facilities
while the Governments will procure the product of SHGs, arrange for
enhancing the capacity of women in terms of leadership qualit y and
arranging for the management of SHGs by themselves so as to have
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administrative capacity.Asa social movement with government support
SHGs become more or less a part and parcel of the society.
 Though there are different models for pursuing micro -finan ce, the
Self-Help Group (SHG) -Bank Linkage Programme has emerged as the
major micro -finance programme in the country. It is being
implemented by commercial banks, regional rural banks (RRBs), and
cooperative banks
 The concept of Self -help groups had its or igin in the co -operative
philosophy and the co -operators by and large, including the National
Federations in the credit sector, could not think of any better SHG than
a primary co -operative credit society itself.
 As SHG are small and economically homogenou s affinity groups of
rural poor, they are voluntarily coming together for achieving the
following.

1. To save small amount of money regularly.

2. To mutually agree to contribute a common fund.

3. To meet their emergency needs.

4. To have collective decision making.

5. To solve conflicts through collective leadership mutual discussion.

6. To provide collateral free loan with terms decided by the group at the
market driven rates.

Today, the self -help group movement is increasingly accepted as an
innovation in the field of rural credit in many developing countries
including India to help the rural poor considered a vehicle to reach the
disadvantaged and marginalized section, which i n the normal course
cannot avail of credit facility from the bank.


Women SHGs in Maharashtra to get ... m.economictim es.com
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A self -help group is defined as a group consisting of people who have
personal experience of a similar issue or life situation, either directly or
through their family and friends. Sharing experiences enables them to give
each other a unique quality of mut ual support and to pool practical
information and ways of coping.

Self-help groups are small informal association of the poor created at the
grass root level for the purpose of enabling members to reap economic
benefits out of mutual help solitarily and joint responsibility. Self -help
groups are formed voluntarily by the rural and urban poor to save and
contribute to a common fund to be lent to its members as per group
decision and for working together for social and economic uplift of their
families and community.

A self -help group is defined as a "self -governed, peer controlled
information group of people with similar socio -economic background and
having a desire to collectively perform common purpose." Self -help group
have been able to mobilize small savings either on weekly or monthly
basis from persons who were not expected to have any savings. They have
been able to effectively recycle the resources generated among the
members for meeting the productive and emergent credit needs of
members of the gr oup.
Check your progress
Q1- Give the concept of Self -Help Group.
5.3 ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT OF SHGS
In India, soon after independence, there ha d been an aggressive effort on
the part of the government, which was concerned with improving the
access of the rural poor to formal credit system. Some of these measures
were institutional, while others were through implementation of focused
programmes for the removal of rural poverty. Reaching out to the remote
rural areas to provide credit and other banking serv ices to the previously
neglected sections of the society is an unparallel achievement of the Indian
banking system. The main emphasis was the spread of the banking
network and introductions of new instruments and credit packages and
programmes to make the financial system responsive to the credit the
weaker sections in the society comprising small and marginal farmers,
rural artisans, landless agricultural and non -agricultural labourers and
other small borrowers falling below poverty line.
Genesis of SHG
 The genesis of SHG in India can be traced to formation of Self -
Employed Women’s Association (SEWA) in 1970.
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 The SHG Bank Linkage Project of NABARD in 1992 blossomed into
the world’s largest microfinance project.

 NABARD along with RBI permitted SHGs to ha ve a savings account
in the banks from the year 1993 paving the way for the SHG -Bank
Linkage Program.
 To promote self -employment in rural areas through formation and
skilling of SHGs government of India, introduced Swarn Jayanti Gram
Swarozgar Yojana (SGSY ) in 1999.

 SGSY evolved as a national movement in 2011 and became National
Rural Livelihoods Mission (NRLM) the world’s largest poverty
alleviation programme.

 State Rural Livelihood Missions (SRLMs) are also operational in 29
states and 5 UTs (except Del hi and Chandigarh).

 Universal access to the affordable cost -effective reliable financial
services like financial literacy, bank account, savings, credit,
insurance, remittance, pension and counselling on financial services to
the poor was facilitated by NRLM.

Dr. Rajesh Timane. 'The Self Help ... slideplayer.com
With the implementation of the abovep olicies, further government of India
in its developmental planning emphasized the promotion of agriculture
and other allied economic activities through credit intervention for
ensuring integrated rural development and securing the prosperity of the
rural a reas. In the achievement of this, formal credit institutions further
were guided by the principle of growth with equity and a large share of the
credit disbursed for various activities was channelized towards the weaker
sections of the society.
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By impleme nting several poverty alleviation programmes, the number of
people below the poverty line declined from 272.7 million in 1984 -85 to
210.8 million in 1989 -90, in 1991 -2000, which constitute d over 21 percent
of the population. The number of operational holdings expected to have
crossed the 100 million mark with more than 80 percent being small and
marginal holdings. The institutional credit system need ed to meet the
challenges of delivering c redit to an ever increasing number of rural
people who need ed greater access to formal credit. It ha d to reinforce its
own structure at the grass root level and also ha d to come up with new
ways and methods of reaching out of the rural poor.
The experienc e of implementation of the above discussed poverty
alleviation programmes lead to the introduction of the Integrated Rural
Development Programme (IRDP) on 2nd October, 1980 with the specific
objective of raising the poor rural families above the poverty li ne. Such
rural families considered credit support from banks as an important input
in taking up economic and gainful activities. Despite of these impressive
achievements in the expansion of the credit delivery system and special
programmes, nearly half the indebted rural households were still outside
the range of the institutional system. They approach ed the moneylenders
to meet their consumption and production in the absence of institutional
support. Some of the poor who did not get access even by the vast network
of the institutional credit delivery system,organized themselves into Self -
help groups (SHGs) and many such groups c ame into existence either
spontaneously or with the active involvement of the voluntary agencies .
They motivated the rural poor to combine their meagr e financial resources
to meet their small and frequent consumption and production credit needs.
Working of Self -Help Groups
There are no uniform rules and regulation for the SHGs, and they may
vary from group to group. The promoter of t he group formulates the rules
and regulations, which may be suitable for the all groups, are summarized
below:
1. Group Formation: The group formation is proceeded by a village level
household survey together the baseline area. The promoters should
conduc t this, and a suitable poverty assessment method should be used for
the purpose. To facilitate sustainability, the total number of members of
the group should range between 12 and 20. The age limit for membership
will be 21 to 60. The group must be a homog eneous one though not
necessarily from the same caste or religion. The target group must be the
poorest.
2. Meetings: The group must meet weekly or fortnightly for collection of
savings and repayment of loan amount and for discussing all other matters.
The group meetings need to be conducted at President's house, members
of groups or Gram panchayat or temples, with a certain discipline in
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3. Group Savings: The group members must be encouraged to save as
much as each can without it being a uniform amount for all. Usually the
SHGs start off with a minimum savings of all members. As the years pass,
they may opt for optional savings according to the capacity of each
member.
4. Group Common Fund: The amount such as fines imposed on
members, grants from the NGOs, bonuses for various programmes and
service charges on external loans should be put into the common fund of
the groups. All common expenses related to th e groups may be met from
this common fund.
5. Rotation of Group Fund: All savings and excess of common fund
would be rotated as short -term loans amongst the members at rate of
interest decided by the majority members of groups and loan is given to
needy m embers on the priority basis.
6. Books and Registers to be Maintained: The books and registers to be
maintained by treasurer / literate members of group to ensure proper
accounts are given below for transparency. Attendance register, Minutes
book, Savings ledger, Loan ledger, General ledger, Cash -book, Individual
pass book, Receipt book and Payment voucher etc.
7. Training: The staff of NGO, DRDA and bank staff imparts training of
skill development, self -employment like toilet cleaner liquid making,
agarbatti making, soap making, making dairy products etc. through
MICON and entrepreneurship development. So as to start his own
business for the betterment of life.
8. Annual Auditing: A qualified auditor should audit the accounts of the
groups annually. The Self -help groups should meet the audit cost. But
most of SHG could not audited annually.
Check your progress
Q1- Write short note on the working of Self -Help Group s.
5.4 FEATURES OF SHGS
According to D'souza24 the SHGs are basically small in formal groups,
characterized by voluntary memberships, a democratic and consultative
structure of governance, economic participation of members, autonomy,
education and training and concerns for the poor. Apart from a number of
things, the members do as a group, they pool their savings and lend within
the group to meet the credit needs of the members. Creation of a common
fund by regular contribution of members and insurance of loan with
minimum documents and often without any security are, in fact, the key
features of SHGs.
Fund generation in the initial stages may be substantially low in these
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resources mainly, loans from banks or grants given by NGOs, which
promote them. SHGs offer to mem bers’ preliminary banking services
characterized by cost effectiveness, flexibility and freedom from defaults.
Assessment of the credit needs of members is done periodically at group
meetings. The claims for credit are settle within the group by consensus.
In case of any surplus, the amount is deposited in the bank or post offices.
Defaulters are subjected to severe penalties but such occurrences are
unusual. There is always peer group pressure on those who avail loans
which to a large extent prevent defaul ts. The influence of the group on
members is very powerful because it can put actions against defaulters and
monitor the behaviour of members in order to forestall default.
The distinguishing features of Self -help groups are given below:
i. An SHG normally consists of not less than five persons (with a
maximum of twenty) of similar economic outlook and social status.
ii. It promotes objectives like economic improvement and raising
resources for development and freedom from exploitation.
iii. It has its own by -laws for the proper functioning of the group as well as
for the observance of certain rules by the group members and
regulations concerning membership.
iv. The form of such a group could be mostly on an informal basis
(unregistered).

Women's Self Help Groups by way of ... donboscokds.com
v. Periodical meetings of members are held for solving their problems
(economic and social) and they collect fixed savings of the members.
vi. The savings of members are kept with a bank in the name of group and
authorized representative of the group operat es the bank account. The
deposit kept in the bank is used for giving loans to members for
purposes including consumption at the rate of interest decided by the
group (usually higher than what the banks charge).
vii. Sources of funds are the contribution of member’s savings, entrance
fee, interest from loans, proceeds of joint business operation and
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income from investment. Funds may be used for loans, social services
and common investment.
The SHG, being a group of like -minded persons, gets empowered to s olve
most of its problems of a non -financial nature, such as raw material and
input supply marketing, better adoption of technology, education and
training for realization of its objectives for development.
Check your progress
Q1- What are the features of Self -help Group s?
The important characteristics of Self -help Groups are as follows:
1. They usually create a common fund by contributing their small savings
on a regular basis.
2. The groups evolve a flexible system of operatio ns often with the help of
the Non -Government organizations (NGOs) and manage their
common pooled resource in a democratic manner.
3. Groups consider loan requests in periodical meetings, with competing
claims on limited resources being settled by consensu s regarding
greater needs.
4. Loaning is mainly on the basis of mutual need and trust with minimum
documentation and without any tangible security.
5. The amounts loaned are small, frequent and for short duration.
6. Rates of interest vary from group to group depending upon the purpose
of loans and are often higher than those of banks but lower than those
of moneylenders.
7. At periodical meetings, besides collecting money, emerging rural, social
and economic issues are discussed.
8. Defaulters are rar e due to group pressure and intimate knowledge of the
end use of the credit as also the borrower's economic resources.
Check your progress
Q- Give the important characteristics of Self -help Groups.
5.5 IMPORTANCE OF SHGS IN RURAL
DEVELOPMENT
Self-Help Groups (SHGs)help to overcome exploitation, create confidence
for the economic self -reliance of rural people, particularly among women
who are mostly invisible in the social structure. These groups enable them
to come together for common objective and gain strength from each other
to deal with exploitation, which they fac e in several forms. A group
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for mutual trust between the promoting organization and the rural poor
through constan t contact and genuine efforts.
Self-help groups play an important role in differentiating between the
consumer credit and production credit, it analy ses the credit system for its
implication and changes in economy, culture and social position of the
targe t groups, it provid es easy access to credit and facilitat es group /
organization for effective control .It also ensur es repayments and
continuity through group dynamics , sets visible norms for interest rates,
repayment schedules, gestation period, extension , writing of bad debts and
assist the group members to get access to the formal credit institutions.
Thus, Self -help group dis tributes microcredit to the rural women to make
them women enterprisers and encourag e them to enter into entrepreneurial
activitie s. Credit needs of the rural and urban poor women are fulfilled
totally through the SHGs.
SHGs strengthen the equality of status of women as participation,
decision -makers and beneficiaries in the democratic, economic, social and
cultural spheres of life. The rural poor are i mmobilized due to various
reasons such as - most of them are socially backward, illiterate, with low
motivation and poor economic base. Individually, a poor is not weak in
socio -economic term s but also lacks access to the knowledge and
information, the most important components of today's development
process.
However, in a group, they are empowered to overcome many of these
weaknesses, hence there are needs for SHGs :
 To mobilize the resources of the individual members for their
collective economic development.

 To create awareness about right.

 To identify problems, analyze and find solutions in the groups.

 To use it as an effective delivery channel for rural credit.

 To assist the member s financial at the time of need.

 To create a habit of savings, utilization of local resources.

 To uplift the living conditions of the poor.

 To mobilize individual skills for group's interest.

 To develop entrepreneurship.

 To act as a media for socio -economic development of village.

 To develop linkage with institution of NGOs.

 To organize training for skill development.
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 To help in recovery of loans.

 To gain mutual understanding, develop trust and self -confidence.

 To build up teamwork.

 To develop leadership qualities.
Check your progress
Q1- Give the importance of Self -help Group s.
Functionsof SHGs :
The important functions of SHG are the following: -
i. Enabling members to become self -reliant and self -dependent.
ii. Providing organizational strength to members
iii. Enhancing the social status of members by virtue of their being
members of the group.
iv. Providing a platform for members for exchange of ideas.
v. Providing a forum for members for discussing their social and economic
problems.
vi. Fostering a spirit of mutual help and co -operation among members.
vii. Instilling in members a sense of strength and confidence which they
need for solving their problems .
viii. Developing and encouraging the decision ma king capacity of
members.
ix. Providing literacy and increasing general awareness among members .
x. Promoting numerically and equipping the poor with basic skills
required for understanding monetary transactions.

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Women paralegals help settle disputes ... villagesquare.in
The SHGs function on the principle of the five ' P's:
i. Propagator of voluntarism
ii. Practitioner of mutual help
iii. Provider of timely emergency loan
iv. Promoter of thrift and savings
v. Purveyor of credit
Check your progress
Q1- Write short note on functions of SHGs.
Benefits of SHGs:
 Social Integrity: SHGs encourage collective efforts to cope up
practices like dowry, alcoholism etc.

 Gender Equity: SHGs empower women and inculcate leadership skill
among them.

 Formation of SHGs has a multiplier effect in improving women’s
status in the society as well as in the family. This leads to
improvement in their socio -economic condition and also enhances
their self -esteem.
 Pressure Groups: Women’s participation in governance process
enables them to highlight issues like dowry, the menace of open
defecation, alcoholis m, primary health care etc. It also has an impact
on policy decision.

 Voice to Marginalized Section: Participation of the weaker and
marginalized communities through SHGs ensures social justice.

 Financial Inclusion: NABARD pioneered SHG -Bank Linkage
Programme has made access to credit easier and has reduced the
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dependence on traditional money lenders and other non -institutional
sources.

 SHGs improve the efficiency of government schemes and reduces
corruption through social audits.

 Alternate Source of Employment: SHG eases dependency on
agriculture by providing support in setting up micro -enterprises like
tailoring, grocery and tool repair shops.

 Changes in Consumption Pattern: SHG enables the participating
househo lds to spend more on education, food and health rather than
spending on other things.

 Impact on Housing & Health: The financial inclusion attained
through SHGs leads to reduction of child mortality, improved maternal
health and the ability of the poor to combat disease through better
nutrition, housing and health – especially among women and children.

 Banking Literacy: SHG encourages and motivates its members to
save and act as a channel for formal banking services to reach them.
Check your progress
Q1- What are the benefits of SHGs?
Weaknesses of SHGs
 Members of a group do not necessarily come from the poor families.

 Social empowerment of the poor families is done but the economic
gain to bring about a qualitative change in their life is not satisfactor y.

 Activities that are undertaken by the SHGs are based on primitive
skills which are related mostly to primary sector enterprises which
does not lead to any substantial increase in the income of group
members.

 Due to lack of qualified resource personnel in the rural areas skill
upgradation or acquisition of new skills by group members is not
possible. There is lack of institutional mechanisms for capacity
building and skill training.

 Lack of resources and means to market their products.

 Poor accountin g practices and incidents of misappropriation of funds
is a weakness of SHG.

 SHGs heavily depend on their promoter NGOs and government
agencies and their withdrawal of support leads to the collapse of
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5.6 INTRODUCTION:
b) Maharashtra State Rural Livelihood Mission (MSRLM)
In spite of rapid growth of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in India, a large
rural population of the country still lives below poverty line (BPL).
Different studies estimated the rate of rural poverty at different levels. In
spite of the numerous efforts, the rural poverty continues to be a major
challenge to the Government at all levels.
To address the challenge of rural poverty, the Ministry of Rural
Development (MoRD), Government of India launched the National Rural
Livelihood Mi ssion (NRLM) by restructuring Swarnajayanti Gram
Swarojgar Yojana (SGSY) with effect from 1st April 2013 (RBI Circular
No.RBI/2012 -13/559 dated 27 June 2013) . NRLM was renamed as DAY -
NRLM (Deendayal Antyodaya Yojana – National Rural Livelihood
Mission) wit h effect from March 29, 2016. The DAY -NRLM is the
flagship program of Govt. of India to promote poverty reduction through
building strong institutions of the poor, particularly women, and enable
these institutions to access a range of financial services an d livelihoods.
DAY -NRLM adopts a demand driven approach, enabling the states to
formulate their own State specific poverty reduction action plans. The
blocks and districts in which all the components of DAY -NRLM would be
implemented, either through the SRL Ms or partner institutions or NGOs,
would be the intensive blocks and districts, whereas remaining would be
non-intensive blocks and districts. It is a centrally sponsored scheme and
the Central and State Governments jointly fund the projects.
Maharashtra State Rural Livelihoods Mission (MSRLM)
Mumbai the capital is the business city of Maharashtra , the busiest state in
India where every man is trying to achieve his goal of earning a better
livelihood for himself and his family. Government has come up with a
mission - Maharashtra State Rural Livelihoods Mission (MSRLM) to help
the rural people to earn a better living in Maharashtra.


Msrlm - Home | Facebook facebook.com
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MSRLM is helping in creating effective as well as efficient platforms to
earn a better income through enhanced and improved access to financial as
well as public services. Ministry of Rural Develo pment (Mo f RD) is a
Governmental body of India that emphasises over the rural development
of country by raising the socio -economic concern development. Apart
from socio -economic development , Mof RD also takes the concern of
health, education, drinking wate r as well as that of roads of country.
Scope of MSRLM:
The MSRLM was established to support the organizations that was headed
by numerous communities which included the producers, federations and
SHGs. The aim of MSRLM was to eradicate rural poverty by bu ilding
sustainable institutions for the poor and lead them towards a sustainable
livelihood. The concept and design of MSRLM was not only to generate
income and employment activity programs but also included equally
important elements of livelihood enhance ment like capacity building,
financial inclusion, social mobilization and marketing services. The core
of the mission is building and strengthening institutions of the poor,
putting in place dedicated support structures for such institutions and
drawing up on their skills, knowledge and desire to overcome poverty.
Components of MSRLM
1. Institutional Platform Building
2. Revolving Fund
3. Capital / Interest Subsidy
4. Infrastructure
5. Marketing
6. Administration
Objectives of MSRLM
1. Main objective is to reach out to rural people residing in Maharashtra
to help them to rise above the poverty line and earn a better livelihood
and living.
2. Help the poor people to attain a successful self -employment.
3. MSRLM aims to help SHGs thus making them capable of self -
employment.
4. A special program run under MSRLM is NRLP i.e. National Rural
Livelihoods Project. It is funded by MSRLM, Government of India,
IDA (International Development Association) and Government of
Maharashtra.
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5. Th e funds will be used only for the purposes for which these bodies
(Indian Government, Maharashtra Government and IDA) have raised
funds.
The objective of the Mission is to promote sustainable livelihoods for the
poor such that they come out of poverty. The institutions of the poor are
intended to facilitate (i) access to formal credit; (ii) support for
diversification and strengthening of livelihoods; and (iii) access to
entitlements and public services.

Maharashtra state rural livelihood ... guruvidhya.com
Benefits of MSRLM
1. Many sources of income to earn a better livelihood will be generated for
the people living below poverty line.
2. Many self -employed o pportunities will be created to decrease the
dependency on others.
3. Majority of women can earn their independent livelihoods through
MSRLM.
4. New entrepreneurs entering into the market will create more
employment for the unemployed citizens of the cou ntry.
The implementation responsibility of the Mission is vested with State
Rural Livelihood Missions (Special Purpose Vehicles). At the district
level, a District Mission Management Unit (DMMU) is responsible for
planning and implementation, but under the overall control of the district
administration. At the block level, a Block Mission Management Unit
implements the Mission activities. The Mission is implemented in a
phased but intensive manner, taking up certain number of blocks in each
year. The Missio n is expected to saturate mobilization of all rural poor
households by 2023 -24.
Check your progress
Q1- Write a note on MSRLM .

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5.7 FEATURES OF MSRLM
Key features and components of the Scheme include:
1. Sensitive Support Composition
2. Comprehensive Social Participation
3. Upgradation of Institutions of Self -employment under Poverty Line
4. Demand -based Credit
5. Training and Capacity Building
6. Circulating Fund
7. All Inclusive Economic Coverage
8. Interest Subsidy
9. Basic Facility Generation and Marketing Assistance
10. Coordination of other Schemes

उमेद अिभयानाची ओळख आण सहभाग ...youtube.com
 One member (preferably a woman) from each rural poor household
would be brought under the Self Help Group (SHG) network. Women
SHG groups would have bank -linkage arrangements.
 SHGs would be federated at village level and higher levels to provide
space, voice and resources and to reduce dependence on external
agencies.
 The Mission consists four components, viz., (i) social mobilization,
community institution and capacity building; (ii) financial inclusion;
(iii) livelihood promotion; and (iv) convergence .
 Participatory social assessment would be organised to identify and rank
all households according to vulnerability. The ranking would be with
reference to poorest of the poor, single woman and woman -headed
households, disabled, landless, and migrant la bour and they would
receive special focus.
 Training and capacity building of the poor, particularly in relation to
managing the institutions, livelihoods, credit absorption and credit -
worthiness.

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 The Mission also supports development of skills for ru ral youth and their
placement, training and self -employment through rural self -
employment institutes (RSETIs), innovations, infrastructure creation
and market support.
 Provision of Revolving Fund as a support to SHGs to strengthen their
institutional an d financial management capacity and build a good credit
history.
 Provision of Community Investment Support Fund (CIF) in the intensive
blocks to the SHGs through the Federations to advance loans and/or
undertake common/collective socio -economic activiti es.
 Introduction of financial inclusion model, loaning from banks,
association and coordination with banking/financial institutions and
coverage from loss of life, health etc.
 Provision of Interest Subvention on loans availed by SHGs to cover the
difference between the lending rate of the banks and 7%.
 Convergence with various ministries and agencies dealing with poverty
reduction of rural poor.
 Highly decentralised planning; and States will have liberty in developing
their own action plan for poverty reduction.
 NRLM to have suitable linkages at the district level with District Rural
Development Agencies (DRDAs) and Panchayat Raj Institutions
(PRIs).
Services and Beneficiaries:
The beneficiaries under the scheme are rural poor; and instead of
providing direct financial support, the scheme envisages that the poor are
organised into institutions and make them own the institutions, acquire
sufficient capacity building and handholding support, access institutional
credit and pursue livelihoods based on their resources, skills and
preferences.
Check your progress
Q1- Give the features of MSRLM .
5.8 CONCEPT OF DASHASUTRI
A key feature of mobil ization and institution building in
The Maharashtra State Rural Livelihoods Mission ( UMED) is its
adherence to the Dashasutri . The Dashasutri comprises of 10
organizing principles that are followed rigorously by the Self Help
Groups (SHGs). In addition to the five principles of financial discipline,
the Dashasutri encourages women to discuss and take action on issues
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governance, education and water -sanitation -hygiene. Dashasutri is a
hallmark of quality SHGs and Village Organizations (VOs) across all
districts of Maharashtra.
The Dashasutri comprises of :
1. Regular Meeting
2. Regular Savings
3. Regular Internal Lending
4. Regular Repayment
5. Updated books of Accounts
6. Health, Hygiene and Sanitation:
 ODF SHG
 Malnutrition free SHG
 Pucca Bathroom
 Pure drinking water
 Personal hygiene
7. Education:
 Ensure 100% enrollment and retention
 Priority for education loans
 Active participation in SMC
 Active participation in school activities
8. Active involvement in PRIs
Active participation in
 Village Wardsabha
 MahilaGramsabha
 Gramsabha
9. Access to entitlements and Schemes:
 Providing access to insurance and pension schemes, NSAP, Crop loan,
MGNREGA, toilets
 Demand generation by BCs and CRPs through SHG meetings
 Coordination by block and district staff with concerned departments
10. Sustainable Livelihoods
 Strengthe ning of existing livelihoods sources
 Generate at least one new source
 Animal Husbandry Dept keen to partner under National Livestock
Mission for Backyard Poultry
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Check your progress
Q1- Write a note on concept of Dashasutri .


rural.nic.in/sites/default/files/MAHARASHTRA.pdf

5.9 SELF HELP GROUP AND DASHSUTRI
Strategy for Promoting Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) in
MSRLM :
 Awareness among communities under Dashasutri

 Mobilization of WASH in Village Organization (VO) and SHG
Meetings :
 Focusing on getting SHG ODF first and then moving to VO

 Development of Master trainer for promoting WASH

 Dedicated Community Cadre at Village level under Special
Convergence Project
DashsutriRegular
meetings
Regular
savings
Internal
lending
Regular
Repayment
Book
KeepingHealth -
Sanitation
& NutritionEducationActive
participation
with PRIsAccess to
entitlementssustainable
livelihoods
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 Community Resource Person (CRP) drives on W ASH for making VO
Open Defecation Free ( ODF )

 Convergence with Water and Sanitation Support Organization ( WSSO )
forInformation, Education and Communication (IEC)

 Gap Funding to promote WASH at the VO level
Financing the Community Efforts :
Gap funding is provided to member of SHG network through the village
organization in forms of
 Vulnerability Reduction Fund (VRF) This Fund is available across
intensive district (14) and can be available at easy rates of interests
defined by the Village O rganization.

 Community Investment Fund (CIF) CIF is being used as gap funding
for Individual H ousehold Latrine Application (IHHL) construction
support.

 Stimulus Fund Stimulus Fund is available in Special Convergence
District (7) and available at zero percent interest to SHG member. Up
to Rs.8000 is given to an individual member at zero percent interest
for construction of IHHL.
Check your progress
Q- Write short note on SHG and Dashasutri .
5.10 SUMMARY:
Self-Help Groups (SHGs) are the informal associa tions of people who
choose to come together to find ways to improve their living conditions.
SHG is defined as “Self -governed, peer -controlled information group of
people with similar socio -economic background having a desire to
collectively perform common purpose.” Various problems related to
poverty, illiteracy, lack of skills, lack of formal credit, etc. are faced by the
people in rural areas and these problems can’t be handled at individual
level. It needs collective level. Self Help Group can become a medium of
change for the poor and marginalized people as SHG rely on the concept
of “Self Help” to encourage self -employment and poverty alleviation.
Today, the self -help group movement is increasingly accepted as an
innovation in the field of rural credit in many developing countries
including India to help the rural poor considered a vehicle to reach the
disadvantaged and marginalized section, which in the normal course
cannot avail of credit facility from the bank.

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Different studies estimated the rate of rural poverty at different levels.To
address the challenge of rural pov erty, the Ministry of Rural Development
(MoRD), Government of India launched the National Rural Livelihood
Mission (NRLM) by restructuring Swarnajayanti Gram Swarojgar Yojana
(SGSY) with effect from 1stApril 2013. The Department of Rural
Development in the Ministry of Rural Development, Government of India
(GOI) has the overall responsibility of policy formulation, monitoring and
evaluation of the programme and for release of funds.
5.11 SELF STUDY
Q-01 Discuss Self -Help group.
Q-02 Give the concept of Self -Help group.
Q-03 What are the features of Self -help group?
Q-04 Give the important characteristics of Self -help groups.
Q-05 What is the importance of Self -help groups.
Q-06 What are the benefits of SHGs?
Q-07 Give the features of MSRLM.
Q-08 Write a note on
i) Concept of Dashasutri .
ii) MSRLM.
Q-09 Write short note on
i) SHG and Dashasutri .
ii) The working of Self -Help groups
References:
https://www.drishtiias.com/to -the-points/Paper2/self -help-groups -shgs

https://pdf4pro.com › cdn › concept -of-self-help-...

https://darpg.gov.in/sites/default/files/National%20Rural%20Livilihood%
20Mission.pdf

https://rural.nic.in/sites/default/files/MAHARASHTRA.pdf

https://www.indiafilings.com/learn/maharashtra -state-rural -livelihoods -
mission -msrlm/
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6
AGRO -BASED INDUSTRIES
Prof. Vivek Chavan
Unit Structure :
6.0 Objectives
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Concept
6.3 Types of Agro based industries
6.4 Functions of Agro based industries
6.5 Importance of Agro based industries in employment generation
6.6 Problems of Agro based industries
6.7 Summary
6.8 Self study
6.0 OBJECTIVES
1.To know the concept and types of Agro based industries.
2. To know the functions of Agro based industries.
3. To understand the importance of Agro based industries.
4. To understand the problems of Agro based industries.
6.1 INTRODUCTION
India being an agricultural country has a rural based economy ,as
majority of Indian population resides in rural areas .agriculture and
allied activities have a great potential in the contribution of national
development. Agriculture plays a decisive role in India’s rural
economy as India’s 2/3rd rural economies are dependent on agricultural
sector. India’s rural economy comprises of two main sectors a)
Agricultural subsector; b) Non -agricultural subsector. The agricultural
subsector comprises of agricultural and allied economic activities like
Crop Cultivation, Dairying, Poultry, Animal Husbandry, Fisheries,
Forestry, Fl oriculture, etc. The non -agricultural subsector comprises of
economic activities relating to Industries, Khadi, Handloom,
Handicraft, etc. It is seen that the output in the agricultural sector has
decreased over decades but it has not led the decrease in w orkforce
dependent on agriculture.
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Agro based industries scenario and ... slideshare.net
Low productivity in agricultural sector has led the rural workforce look
forward to diversify their occupation from their low productive
agricultu ral sector to service sector. As the people in the rural areas are
unskilled, illiterate it becomes difficult to engage in formal
organization. Most of the self -employed workers are those who
migrate to urban area in order to supplement incomes from agricu lture.
Though there is an increase in adapting the modern farming techniques
with high yielding variety seeds, new methods of irrigation, use of
fertilizers, a large number of farmers still depend on the conventional
farming methods. The country has achiev ed the status of self -
sufficiency in food production, but the farmers are yet to gather
benefits from it. It is seen that the output in the agricultural sector has
decreased over decades but it has not led the decrease in workforce
dependent on agriculture As the people in the rural areas are unskilled,
illiterate it becomes difficult to engage in formal organization.
Most of the self -employed workers are those who migrate to urban
area in order to supplement incomes from agriculture. Low
productivity in a gricultural sector has led the rural workforce look
forward to diversify their occupation from their low productive
agricultural sector to service sector. Diversification from agricultural to
service sector can improve the human capital by improving their skills.
Agro based industries need both agricultural development and
industries as they can make the agricultural output more profitable that
can be a pathway for poverty alleviation of rural farmers. Development
of Agro-industry can affect the local agric ultural sector as well as the
livelihoods of small holder farmers, provided their basic requirements
are taken care of by the government and facilitate the environment in
which the rural people in general and poor in particular would find a
sustainable liv elihood.
6.2 CONCEPT:
Agro based industry is a combination of agriculture and industry.
Agricultural output can be more profitable with the help of Agro based
industries as it needs both agricultural development and industries.
Agro based industries may be defined as “Those industries which are
engaged in either processing of products of raw materials or
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manufacturing them to finished products on the basis of primary and
secondary products of agriculture and forest”. Agro based i ndustry has
more potential to determine positive economic development by
contributing to the enhancement of the economy of the farmers. Agro
based industry processes raw materials and intermediate products that
are derived from the agricultural sector. It means they transform
products that originate from agriculture, fishery and forestry.
Agro based industry is primarily based on the availability of raw
materials that determine the proliferation of the Agro-based industry
and in turn improve the economic c ondition of the rural people. These
industries provide employment opportunities to rural people thus
solving the problem of under -employment and disguised
unemployment. Exploitation of the middle men can be stopped to an
extent with the starting of rural Agro based industry. These industries
lead to an increase in the total production of agricultural goods, as it
provides better price of raw material by increasing the demand of it. If
the agricultural produce is processed at the place of production its
transportation cost is reduced. These industries help to improve the
employment status of community members , also improve the
infrastructural facilities in rural areas and help in creating potential for
the establishment of other industries in rural areas whic h can resist the
rural to urban migration. This in turn helps to improve the purchasing
power of rural people through income generation. Agro -based industry
provides an equal distribution of industries by creating scope for equal
development in rural and u rban area.
Agro -industrial integration is significant to promote Agro-based
industry. Agro -based industry sector offers vast opportunities for
income and employment generation by value addition of the available
raw material. It can be rationalized by chang e in food habits of a
growing middle class in India has a greater demand of packed and
ready to eat foods. Agro -industrial integration is significant to promote
Agro-based industry. The presence of input factors like raw material,
labour, technology, huge consumer base, etc., makes the Agro-based
industry growth foreseeable. An establishment of an organic link
between agriculture and industries which use agricultural raw material
on one hand, and manufactures agricultural inputs on the other hand.
Differenc e between Agro Industry and Agro -based Industry:
According to RBI the agencies supporting agriculture by way o f
designing and manufacturing of inputs generally termed as Agro-
industries. Agro -industries are somewhat different from those
supported by agricultural products which are known as Agro-based
industries. it has further classified Agro-based industries into food
processing, tobacco, textiles and textile products, lea ther and leather
products and paper and paper products industries.
(Reserve Bank of India, “Agro -Industries in Maharashtra”, Reserve
Bank of India Bulletin, Vol.22,No.10, October 1969, P.1640)

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Agro Industries Agro -based Industries
Agricultura l Implements Food Products &
Beverages
Seed Industries Tobacco Products
Pump -sets Textiles
Fertilizer & Pesticide
Units Leather Products
Paper & Paper Products

Check your progress
Q1- What is the concept of Agro-based industry?
Q2- What is the difference between Agro Industry and Agro -based
Industry?
6.3 TYPES OF AGRO -BASED INDUSTRY:
According to the International Standard Industrial Classification (ISIC)
Agro-industry consists of food and beverages, paper and wood
products, textiles, tobacco products, rubber products, footwear and
apparel and leather products.
Agro based industry is classified into four types. They are Agro -
Produce Processing Units , Agro -Produce Manufacturing Units , Agro -
inputs manufacturing Units and Agro Service Centres.

Agro - based industries are ...toppr.com
1. Agro -Produce Processing Units:
Agro -Produce Proces sing Units do not manufacture any new product
they simply process the agricultural produce and reduce the bulkiness
of the produce. The raw material is simply processed so that it can be
preserved or transported. For e.g. Dal mills, Rice mills. Agro -
proces sing industry can be classified based on the raw material or final
product.
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Here industries can be Cereals Based Industry, Oilseed Based Industry,
Pulses Based Industry, Vegetable and Fruit Based Industry, Dairy
Based Industry, Spices Based Industry, Fish eries Industry, Livestock
and Poultry Industry, Floriculture Based Industry, Cotton and Jute
Based Industry, Medical Herbs based Industry, Plantation Crops based
Industry, etc.

Food Processing and Related Industries ...clearias.com
2. Agro -Produce Manufacturing Units:
Agro -Produce Manufacturing Units use agricultural produce as main
raw material and manufacture entirely new products. The finished
goods are entirely different compared to its original raw material. For
ex. Sugar factories, Paper mills, Textile mills, solvent extraction units,
etc.

Types of Agro -based Industries in India... tractorjunction.com
3. Agro -inputs manufacturing units:
These industrial units are engaged in the manufacturing of products
either for the mechanization of agriculture or for increasing
agricultural productivity. For ex. Agricultural implements, seed
industries, pump -set, fertilizer and pesticide manufacturing units, etc.
4. Agro Service Centres:
Agro service centres are workshops and service centres, that are
engaged in the repairing in the repairing and servicing of pump -sets,
diesel engines, tractors and all types of farm equipment.
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Check your progress
Q1- Name the different types of industries?
6.4 FUNCTIONS OF AGRO BASED INDUSTRIES
1. Agro industry can help stabilize and make agriculture more
beneficial.
2. Create employment opportunities both at the production and
marketing stages.
3. Helps in processing agricultural products such as field crops, tree
crops, livestock and fisheries and converting them to edible and
other usable forms.
4. Strengthening industrial and agricultural linkages.
5. Increase the value of crops of poor farmers and thus yield highe r
returns.
6. Expand marketing opportunities.
7. Improve livelihoods of people.
8. Extend shelf -life of commodities
9. Improve palatability of commodities
10. Enhance food security.
11. Overcome seasonality and perishability constraints.
Check your progres s
Q1- Give the functions of Agro-based industries.
6.5 IMPORTANCE OF AGRO BASED INDUSTRIES IN
EMPLOYMENT GENERATION:
Agro based industry is to influence the traditional production and
distribution methods which are being replaced by more closely
coordinated and better planned linkages between agribusiness firms,
farmers, retailers and others in the supply chains. Agro ba sed industry
can pave a way for poverty alleviation of rural farmers. As mentioned
that agriculture cannot provide sufficient and secure income due to its
low productivity.

Agro -Based I ndustries in India jagranjosh.com
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Hence, Agro based industry can complement the agricultural wages and
can serve as a household risk reduction strategy by diversifying. The
development of Agro-industry can also have an important impact on
the local agric ultural sector as well as the livelihoods of small holder
farmers, provided they can produce on a stable basis, supplying regular
in quantity and quality. Moreover, Agro based industry is indirectly
associated with providing employment as it encourages oth er
economic activities like commerce and retailing, construction,
equipment manufacture, transport, logistics and trade. Moreover the
importance of Agro industry for employment is further emphasized by
high and increasing levels of female involvement, espe cially in the
non-traditional, high -value Agro-chains (i.e. horticulture, fruits and
fish products).
Need for Agro-based industries:
a. Suitable to rural areas as they are raw material oriented.
b. For upliftment of rural economy.
c. To solve the problem of unemployment.
d. To generate income and increase standard of living in rural areas
which in turn creates potential for demand based industries .
e. For decentralization & dispersal of industries instead of
concentrating at a particular place .
f. To reduce disparity between rural and urban areas.
g. To encourage balanced growth between agriculture and industry.
h. To solve the problem of exploitation of farming community by
traders and middlemen .
i. To reduce transportation costs of agricultural produ cts – thereby
helping to minimize the cost of finished goods .
j. To give big push to agriculture and act as a source of demand and
supply.
k. To avoid wastage of perishable agricultural products.
l. To prevent migration of rural people to urban areas .
m. To develop backward areas based on their suitability for setting up
Agro-based industries.
n. To improve infrastructural facilities.
o. Farmers could be assured of better price for their produce.
p. Encourage to bring more and more areas under various crop s to
increase agricultural production and improve nation’s economy.
Check your progress
Q1- Give the importance and need for Agro-based industries. munotes.in

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Agro -based industry and Women:
Half of the population in India is comprised of women, but their
participat ion in economic development is perceived much lower as
compared to male counterparts. When a family suffers economically,
women step out to work. But at the same time woman working outside
the home is viewed as slightly inappropriate, casually wrong and
definitely dangerous to their chastity and womanly virtue. Women are
asked to leave the job after the family recovers from economic crisis
and are asked to stay at home as a demonstration of the family’s
morality and as a symbol of the family’s financial sec urity. Women are
also deprived of equal wage and cannot participate in labour intensive
work. Thus agro -based industry can utilize this segment of women to
secure their livelihood.

deccanherald.com ilo.org
Women can play an important role in Agro-based industry as they are
comparatively easy to establish and provide income to the rural women
with less investment by effective and efficient utilization of locally
available agricultural raw material. Mechanization in Agro-based
industries can generate employment avenues for the farmers in general
and women in particular.

Modern Age Women Are Leading The World With A Balancing
Actmirrorreview.com
Women play crucial role in Agro-based industry especially in Food
Processing Industry. Male members in the family work in farm and
non-farm activities, w hile women in the family spend her majority of
the time by engaging herself in food processing industry. Women are
the part of patriarchal society and find food processing industry as one
of the very limited options to earn a livelihood for their family. O ver
the recent decades, securing formal employment has become a
challenge partly because of the macroeconomic policies and partly due
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to lack of skills and education, as a result women have diverted
themselves to informal survival strategies.

Women have major responsibilities in society nigahban.com
Women are trapped in socially encoded build up within the domestic
sphere which results in the very limited options for them to engage in
economic activities. The diversification of family members at the
household level can be considered as an important st rategy for the rural
resource constrained members to secure their livelihood. It should be
pointed out that diversification can provide supplementary income
without affecting the primary occupation.Women can earn extra
income by engaging themselves in Agro-based industries if male
members are engaged in other economic activities.

Home -Based Workers | WIEGOwiego.org Home -Based Workers |
WIEGOwiego.org
Women don’t need formal education, training and s kills to participate
in economic activities for home based industries; but to meet demands
of the present world the women need to enhance their existing skills,
education of home based women workers engaged in Agro-based
industries. People with good human and social capital can diversify the
views of family members by increasing the options available to them
and this diversification can lead to better human and social capital.
Diversification of activities can intensify their network by meeting new
people, spend their money and time in health and education , can
improve the human capital by improving their skills and also helps to
generate cash resources which in turn improve other assets needed for
livelihood.
Women’s engagement in Agro-based industry need various assets like
finance, social acceptance etc. Home Based Industries offer earnings to
women as they don’t have to work outside. Women participation in
Agro-based industries can be an important diversification strategy to
secure the family livel ihood.
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Check your progress
Q1- Explain the participation of women in Agro-based industries.
6.6 PROBLEMS OF AGRO BASED INDUSTRIES
Problems faced by Agro -based Industries in India ... tractorjunction.com
1. Proper guidance is not available to entrepreneurs.
2. It involves some element of risk taking.
3. Change in crops / cropping pattern.
4. Change in variety of crop due to technologica l improvement.
5. Failure of monsoon may hit the raw material supply.
6. Proper guidance, training for modern and sophisticated Agro-
industries are not available.
7. As modern small industries are capital intensive, supply of finance
will be a considerable problem.
8. Promotional activities such as conducting, intensive campaigns,
identifying candidate industries and explaining to entrepreneurs
about prospects are inadequate.
9. Uncertainty about future market demands.
10. Absence of information about quant ity and quality of market.
11.Multiplicity of agricultural produce and absence of suitable
methodology to select best suited industries to a given region.
12. Seasonal supply of agricultural produce may result in under -
utilization of capacity of the units as the unit will not be working
throughout the year. For ex. Sugarcane
13. Industries based on fruits and vegetables may not get the same
variety throughout the year, but they may get some other variety.
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14. Absence of proper integration among the various agencies of
development in the district.
Different problems that hinder the growth and development of Agro-
based industry in India are as follows:
A) Shortage in Crop Production:
Shortage in the production of crops is one of the major problems of
Agro -based industry as they are much dependent on the agricultural
production. Absence of agricultural production directly influences the
overall development of Agro-based industries. Abse nce of crops
influence those industries which are dependent on the agricultural
products as the Agro-processing sector’s future is inextricably linked
to the overall health of the agricultural sector.
The reasons for low production of crops in India like land holding is
reduced continuously ; non-availability of manures, fertilizers and bio -
codes; farmers in India are neglected to use high yielding variety of
seeds ; absence of irrigation facilities; absence of adequate marketing;
lack of technology and mach inery use and scarcity of capital which
ultimately hamper the Agro-based industry in India.
B) Lack of Infrastructural Facilities:
Infrastructure plays an important role in promoting the livelihood
options of people. Lack of proper road connectivity, elec tricity,
transport, cold storage, capital and warehouses are the problems which
hinder the development of Agro-based industry. Financial assistance is
an essential thing needed to develop Agro-based industry. But the rural
masses are financially constraine d as they neither have financial capital
for developing any Agro-based industry nor have access to formal
financial institution.
Another crucial infrastructural barrier is the unavailability of regular
electricity generation in rural based Agro processing industry. Absence
of cheap and easy transport services increases the cost of production of
industrial products in turn reducing the competitiveness of the product
in the international market.
C) Lack of Requisite Skills:
Agro -based industries face many pro blems due to lack of professional
management and lack of skills is a significant problem here. Absence of
training is an important bottleneck for the development of Agro-based
industries. The present rural India is not equipped with proper
infrastructure to provide training to large rural masses. Community
employment assessment is important for the community to realize the
kind of training it requires for livelihood. Agro -industries development
needs the perpetual role of different organizations by providing inputs
and agricultural advise to farmers and undertake the activities
promoting skill development of the rural people in general and farmers
in particular in the areas such as processing of food products, food and
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D) Lack of Proper Rural Marketing of Agro Based Industries:
Efficient marketing and rural credit system is of paramount
importance. Availability of market helps in distributing the finished
Agro processed product s and to avail the raw material for the
production of such Agro based products. Agro -based industries don’t
have good market facility to sell their products in the nearby areas and
have to depend up on supply to government agencies like Supply
Corporation of India and other such agencies.
Value Chain Analysis is important as it portrays the status of artisans
in the entire value chain system.
Value Chain has been described by Kaplinsky and Morris, 2001 as
“The full range of activities required to bring a p roduct or service from
conception to final delivery to its customers, passing through
intermediary phases of production which involves physical
transformation of the product and input by many producer services,
and its final disposal after use” (Raphael Ka plinsky and Mike Morris,
2001). This definition implies that agricultural development strategy
should address not only the farmers but also to those in marketing,
trade, processing and agri -business.
E) Lack of Financial Inclusion:
The main problem of fina ncial inclusion of rural India is the absence of
formal financial institutions in rural India. It is seen that in rural India,
a major portion of population still doesn’t have access or they avoid to
go to any formal financial institutions. The only option for the rural
population is to take credit from traders or other informal source with
high rate of interest. Certain agro -based industries are capital intensive
but access to the financial support is a major challenge to them.
Local money lenders continu e to provide credit to rural families as the
institutional agencies do not reach the weaker sections i.e. the rural
families. The unavailability of any formal financial institution forces
the rural masses to take credit at higher rate of interest from the
informal financial institutions. Delay in processing the loan is also a
major problem. As the rural poor need the help of informal institutions
to deal with credit institutions, NGOs, PRIs, and voluntary group s are
actively involve d in the institutional credit delivery mechanism.
F) Agro -Processing industry has been concentrated in the un -organized
sector with low science and technology and little or no
standardization and grading.
G) Inadequacy and suitability of required raw mater ial on one hand
and the seasonal nature of the operations of this sector.
H) Wastage in the handling during post -harvest and in marketing.
I) Short period of raw material availability and excessive costs of raw
material.
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K) Processed / packed food products have been considered luxury
items (subject ed to high tax).
L) A very low level of investment in agriculture sector.
M) Lacking vertical and horizontal, backward and forward linkages
among the farmers, processors and R&D organizations.
Check your progress
Q1- What are the problems faced by agro -based industries?
6.7 SUMMARY
Agriculture plays a decisive role in India’s rural economy as India’s
2/3rd rural economies are dependent on agricultural sector. India’s rural
economy comprises of two main sectors a) Agricultural subsector; b)
Non-agricultural subsector. Agro based industries need both
agricultural development and industries as they can make t he
agricultural output more profitable that can be a pathway for poverty
alleviation of rural farmers. Development of Agro-industry can affect
the local agricultural sector as well as the livelihoods of small holder
farmers. Agro based industry is a combin ation of agriculture and
industry. Agricultural output can be more profitable with the help of
Agro based industries as it needs both agricultural development and
industries. Agro based industry is primarily based on the availability of
raw materials that determine the proliferation of the Agro-based
industry and in turn improve the economic condition of the rural
people.
Agro based industry can pave a way for poverty alleviation of rural
farmers. Agro based industry is indirectly associated with providing
employment as it encourages other economic activities like commerce
and retailing, construction, equipment manufacture, transport, logistics
and trade. Women can play an important role in Agro-based industry
as they are comparatively easy to establish and provide income to the
rural women with less investment by effective and efficient utilization
of locally available agricultural raw material. Women participation in
Agro-based industries can be an important diversification strategy to
secure the family liv elihood.
6.8 SELF STUDY
Q- 01 What is the concept of Agro-based industry?
Q- 02 Name the different types of industries?
Q- 03 Give the functions of Agro-based industries.
Q- 04 Give the importance and need for Agro-based industries.
Q- 05 Explain the parti cipation of women in Agro-based industries.
Q- 06 What are the problems faced by Agro-based industries? munotes.in

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Q- 07 What is the difference between Agro Industry and Agro -based
Industry?
Q- 08 Write short note on :
1. Agro -based industry and women.
2. Need for agro-based industries.
3. Agro-based industries and employment generation.
References:
 http://ecoursesonline.iasri.res.in/mod/page/view.php?id=123644
 https://tractorgyan.com/tractor -industry -news -blogs/344/six -major -
agro-based -industries -in-india
 https://www.tractorjunction.com/blog/agro -based -industries -in-
india -types -importance -scenario/
 https://www.ag rifarming.in/india -agro-based -industries -types -and-
problems
 https://www.jagranjosh.com/general -knowledge/agro -based -
industries -in-india -1448702789 -1
 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/320465578_Performance
_of_agro_based_industries_in_India
 https://www.slideshare.net/mrbhatiwal/agro -based -industry -in-
indian -economy



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1277
TOURISM DEVELOPMENT (RURAL
TOURISM)
Dr. Anjali Patil

Unit Structure:
7.0 Objectives
7.1 Tourism Development - Introduction
7.2 Con cept
7.3 Factors
7.4 Merits and Demerits in Tourism
7.5 Rur al Tourism - Introduction
7.6 Con cept
7.7 Nature
7.8 Importance
7.9 Limitation
7.10 Summa ry
7.11 Self Study
7.0 OBJECTIVES:
 To study the concept and factors of tourism development
 To study the merits and demerits of tourism development
 To study rural tourism and its concept & nature
 To know the importance and limitations of rur al tourism
7.1 TO URISM DEVELOPMENT – INTRODUCTION:
Travel and tourism are as old as mankind on earth. At the beginning of the
existence of man, he roamed about the surface of the earth in search of
food, shelter, security and better habitat.
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128Tourism, is a world-wide phenomenon, that touches the highest and
deepest aspirations of all people. It is also a very important element of
socio-economic and political development of a country. Government,
other public authorities, public and private decision makers whose
activities are related to tourism and tourists, consider it a pr iority to protect
and reinforce the human dignity of both local community and tourists.
Tourism industry is one of the largest and fastest growing economic
sectors.

As tourism stimulates lot of new activities many countries see
tourism as the main instrument of r egional development. Tourism
development refers to the growth and maintenance of the tourism
industry in a given area. It can be defined as creating strategies and plans to
encourage, increase and develop tourism for a destination. Tourism boosts
the revenue of the economy, it creates number of jobs, develops the
infrastructure of the country and helps in the cultural exchange between
foreigners and the citizens of the country.
Tourism has a positive economic impact on the balance of payments, on
employment, on gro ss income and produ ction. It may have negative impact
on the environment. Unplanned and uncontrolled tourism results in
deterioration of the environment. The natural environment and historical-
cultural heritage should be pro tected for further growth of tourism and
economic development as it is a major source of tourist prod uct.
Environmental, Socio-cultural and economic aspects are the three
interconnected aspects of sustainable tourism. Sustainable tourism includes
maximum use of resources, biological diversity, benefits of conservation
and local communities and minimization of ecological , cultural and social
impacts.
Travel and tourism is the largest service industry in India which provides
heritage, cultural, medical, business and sports tourism. Main objective is
to develop and promote tourism, maintain competitiveness and expand
existing tourism produ cts to ensure employment generation & economic
growth.
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129Check your progress
Q1 - What is tourism development?
7.2 CONCEPT
Tourism today in modern days is different from the travels of the early
periods of human history. In Sanskrit ‘Paryatan’ means to leave one’s
residence to travel for the sake of rest and to seek knowledge. ‘Deshatan’
is another word which means to travel for economic benefits. ‘Tirthatan’
is another equivalent word meaning travelling for religious purpo se.
Tourism is different from travel. In tourism there is displacement –
wherein an individual travels, using different types of means of
transportation (travelling on foot – pilgrimage, hiking, mountaineering,
etc.), travelling for h olidays, business or prof essional trip becomes a part
of tourism if it is temporary and is taken voluntarily, without an aim to earn
any livelihood out of it. All travel is not tourism; but is one of the
important components of tourism.

sentinelassam.com
The three criteria used to characterize a trip are;
* It involves a displacement outside the usual environment.
* The travel must occur for any purpo se that is different from being
remunerated from within the place visited. Earlier tourism was
restricted only to recreation and v isiting family and fr iends is now
expanded to many purpo ses.
* Maximum duration is mentioned in tourism. The displacement can be
with or without an overnight stay.
Tourism is an ever-expanding service industry with vast gro wth potential
and therefore has become one of the crucial concerns at national and
international level. It is believed that the word ‘tour’ in the context of
tourism was established in English language in the eighteen century.
According to Oxford dictionary, the word tourism first was introduced in
English in nineteen century (1811) from a Greek word ‘tornus’ which munotes.in

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130means a round shaped tool. Tourism means different things to different
people as it is an abstraction of a wide range of consumption activities
which demand produ cts and services from a wide range of industries in the
economy.
Tourism comprises of the activities of people travelling to different places
and staying in places that is outside their usual environment for not more
than a year for business, leisure or some other purpo ses. Tourism doesn’t
include international transport of tourists, it is included in passenger
transports of transport services. It includes goods and services the tourists
pays for personally or somebody pays for him / her or on his / her behalf, or
which the tourists receives without compensation for his / her own use or
to be given to someone else, also includes the expenses paid before or after
the trip.
Characteristics of To urism:
• Movement of people to different destinations have two key
eleme nts. First is the journey and second is the stay. Both the
elements come not within but ou tside the nor mal area or place of
domicile and work.
• The movement is primarily of temporary nature and for a relatively
short duration making it different from migration.
• It brings activities not similar to those of the host population of the
place visited.
• The main purpo se of participation in tourism is by and large
recreation and certainly not the purpo se of seeking permanent
residence or employment remunerated from within the place visited.
• Tourism in an abstract sense is basically a pleasure activity implying
a use of readily disposable incomes and of fr ee time and on e’s own
free will.

zizuhotel.ru

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Check your progress
Q1 - Explain the concept of to urism
7.3 FACTORS
In the last few years, Ind ia has gained no table growth in the tourism
industry. Ind ia is one of the most preferred destinations for domestic and
overseas travellers today. Apart from being a great source of revenue,
travel and tourism industry also aims to provide the tourists with an
oppor tunity to understand and experience the cultural diversity of the
country through tourism. Indian tourism has outperformed global tourism
in terms of its gro wth, development, the volume of tourists and revenue.
Factors responsible for the tourism development in India:
1) W eather and Climate factors:
India being a vast country experiences different types of climate and
has led to the pro motion of tourism in the country and attracts more
tourists. Five main factors are responsible for the variations in the climate
of Ind ia:
a) Large size of the country
b) Tapering shape of the peninsular Ind ia dividing the tip of Ind ia into two
oceans
c) Tropic of Cancer divides the latitudinal extent of the country on the two
sides
d) Situation in the Indian Ocean
e) Himalayas act as a climatic barrier between India and C entral Asia and
protect India from extreme cold and dry winds from Central Asia.
The tourist experience different types of climate in India from the Great
Plains of North Ind ia to the snow-covered Himalayas and the Peninsular
plateau area to the coastal regions. There are climatic variations from one
state to another and from one district to another. The monsoons provide
underlying unity to the climatic diversity of India. variations in the
climate of India serve as a great asset to engage tourists in a variety of
activities during their stay in Ind ia.
2) La ndscape factors:




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132Two main bases of landscape factors are geology and physiography and
they influence the landscape of a place and also determine the ro cky peaks
for climbing, snowy slopes for skiing, caves for sightseeing and much
more. The Deccan Plateau and Ladakh attract tourist interested in trekking.
there is vast scope for rural tourism in India. water bodies like riversides,
springs, waterfalls, etc. pro vide spectacular views to the tourists. Forest
landscapes like national parks, wildlife sanctuaries and biosphere reserves
are used as tourists spots.
3) Seascape factors:
Coastal regions of the mainland, Andaman & Nicobar Islands in the Bay
of Bengal and Lakshadweep in the Arabian Sea is also a major cause of
tourist attraction in India. sandy b eaches, caves, reefs, seaside cliffs,
lagoon s, etc. are all hotspots of tourism.


India Tourism: Travel Guide to Explore ...yatra.com
Swimmi ng, Sunbathes, boating and surfing are some of the fun activities
enjoyed by tourists in these regions.
4) Historical and Cultural factors:

theqna.org
A large n umber of tourist visit India, especially to learn about its historical
or cultural associations with the ancient past by visiting places where art
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133importance took place. One of the major factors r esponsible for
tourism development in Ind ia is the curiosity of history and culture of
India. Tourist show interest to seek more kno wledge in the field of
architecture, art, music and dr ama, act, literature, paintings, folklore,
culture of India and its diversity in different regions, archaeological and
historical remains. National celebrations, Exhibitions, International events,
Special festivals attract thousands of tourists to Ind ia.
5) Et hnic and Family factors:
Desire to visit relatives and friends or to meet new people to make
friendship is also a factor of tourism development. Many people travel to
India for interpersonal reasons. A large nu mber of NRIs visit India to meet
their families or when they feel like visiting their homela nd. Thousands of
people visit for ethnic reasons also.
6) Spiritual and Religious factors:

theqna.org
A large number of p eople go to pilgrimage to religious and ho ly places
every year. Visiting religious places always has been one of the motivators
for people to travel. India being culturally diverse country there are many
religious places to visit. Tourist from all over the world come to visit the
pilgrimage centres and holy places of different religions in different parts
India.
Check your progress
Q1 - What are the factors responsible for the tourism development in
India?
7.4 MERI TS AND DEMERITS IN TOURISM
Meri ts of To urism:
▪ Economic: Income generated through tourism can make up a
significant propor tion of bo th private, local and national income. munotes.in

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134Tourism-generated income can be hug ely beneficial to both private
and pu blic concerns.
▪ Infrastructural: Tourism provides means and incentive for
investment in infrastructure such as roads, rail networks and local
medical and education facilities.
▪ Opportunities: Employment is generated b ecause of tourism
development. People get jobs in ho tels, bars, transport, shops,
restaurants and transport. It increases income and job from tourist
spending. Tourism promotes international connections which can
increase business oppor tunities.
▪ Cross-Cultural: Tourism promotes cross-cultural awareness for
both locals and tourists. It builds bridges of understanding between
cultures and promotes international connections that can bring more
business and cultural collaborations in the long term. It helps preserve
cultural and natural heritage for tourists. It increases understanding of
other cultures.
▪ Environmental: Economic incentives can be provided for a place
to preserve, to maintain and to regenerate the environment, local
history and infrastructure in both urb an and rur al settings. It builds new
facilities such as sewage for whole communities or new roads.
▪ Promot ional: Tourism helps the locality to present itself to the tourists
and also to raise the country’s profile in the world.
Demerits of To urism:
▪ Economic: Tourism creates jobs, but most of them are of relatively
low-level work like ho tel service, restaurant service, bar work ad such
other work.
▪ Imbalanced Funding: Money collected from the tourist during
their visit can be diverted to the tourist areas instead of u sing it in the
most needed areas. As a result the locals who live ou tside the tourist
areas miss the necessary funds and suffer relative decline. Money can
end up being spent only on touristed areas while other places and
industries suffer.
▪ Seasonal Fluctuations: Tourism business is seasonal and insecure
having no extra benefits like sick pay, healthcare or pension. Some
areas are flooded with tourists dur ing the season and deserted for many
months which is called slack season.
▪ Culture: Comme rcialization of culture leads to weakening of the
soul of a tourist destination. Local traditions having rich cultural
heritage loose the grace or importance if they wear costumes and put
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135▪ Cultural Clashes: In some places it is seen that tourist don’t respect the
local traditions and culture, they refuse to follow local dress standards,
get drunk in public, behave rud ely or inapprop riately towards locals.
▪ Environmental: Tourism often cause environmental damage to
both the local infrastructure and the flora & fauna and historical sites
in a location with risks like po llution, loss of natural habitats, forest
fires, or erosion. Tourism depletes natural resources, which can be
dangerous in areas where resources are scarce. Damage can be caused
by only sheer number of tourists among the large number who behave
responsibly. Monuments, Temples and ancient buildings often struggle
to cope with increased traffic suffering inevitable wear-and-tear.
Permanent damage can be done to reefs and o ther natural tourist
attractions.
▪ Foreign Poaching: attracted by oppor tunity, foreign companies
begin poaching bu siness away from local bu sinesses. Tourism
industry in developing country’s is owned by b ig company’s resulting
in taking b ig prof it and leaving the local businesses with relatively
little benefit.
▪ Tourism Dependence: Sometimes it so happens that complete
focus is given on tourism industry and other fo rms of income
generation are neglected. Economic dependence on tourism is
formed. Depending only on tourism is fine in good times but it can ruin
the country’s economy in the long run and also can contribute to
political disturbance or natural disasters.
Check your progress
Q - What are the merits and demerits of to urism?
7.5 RURAL TOURISM – INTRODUCTION
Last few decades trend of increased urbanization is witnessed across the
world and India is no exception to it. 70 percent of Ind ia’s popu lation lives
in rur al areas and is dependent solely on agriculture or small and
cottage industry. There is a need to create new oppor tunities that can
be fulfilled through rural tourism. India has huge potential of tourism in
rural India. rural tourism recognizes the inherent relationship between
tourism and its cultural assets. Rural tourism fo cuses on the tourists
actively participating in a rur al lifestyle. Government of India has an
independent ministry for rural development that aims to social
transformation of rural societies through economic empowerment.
Tourism is a potent tool to transform agrarian societies by involving rural
communities in the development process.
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jagranjosh.com
Rural tourism is the form of tourism that showcases the life, art, culture
and heritage at rur al location. It is also known as community-based
tourism where local people are actively involved in the pr ocess. Rural
tourism makes valuable contribution in rural economics and can be
expressed in terms of jobs creation, n ature conservation and many o ther
factors. It will add more d imensions to the countries tourism industry also
develop the village economy. Rural tourism has become new limelight
because of the increasing connectivity with urb an areas and d ecreasing
rural-urban distance.
Indian villages have a unique diversity and culture rituals playing an
essential role in the tourism industry. According to the ministry of tourism
government of Ind ia, rur al tourism has the po tential to transform ru ral
India as it is known that several international tourist and urb an people
want to experience village setting and the life of rur al people.
Rural tourism contributes to a great extent to rur al development.
1) It leads to sustainable development
2) Rur al tourism can be utilized as a catalyst for socio-economic
development and regeneration of the regions.
3) Interacting with the tourist & signifying their culture would bring a
sense of pride in them.
4) The lost folk arts and handicrafts are revitalised because of the reverse
cash flow from cities to rur al areas.
5) It’s an ideal place for rur al and urb an economic exchange.
6) Rur al tourism suppor ts for the conservation of n ational heritage.


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137Check your progress
Q1 - What is rural tourism?
7.6 CONCEPT
With the passage of time the concept of rural tourism has acquired new
dimensions. It has always existed in India in some or the other forms as
every Indian has roots in some or the other village and they return each and
every time to their roots. Suppressed by the chaos and fast life in the urban
areas, people desire to take a break and want to relax in a pristine
surround ing of a village. People frequently visit rural areas as they are fu ll
of colour, fr agrance and vibrant life.
Travellers who v isit India no longer wish to go to tour the established
tourist destinations. As the indigenous or foreign tourist crave to know real
India enormous changes are done in travel itineraries of the tourists.
Stunning landscapes, the virgin beauty of mother nature, the culture of rural
India compel the tourists to switch to Indian villages that have real essence
of India. So the tourism industry has taken strong steps to promote rural
tourism in India. The idea to give the tourists the experience of a soulful
journey to the ‘Heart of Ind ia’ has motivated many travel and tourism
companies to off er rural tourism packages.
Rural tourism offers an oppor tunity to get first-hand experience of
farmland activities like cultivation, sowing, h arvesting, etc. to the tourists.
By visiting the villages the tourists get a chance to meet the artisans and
also can purchase the locally manufactured handicrafts. The visit also
helps to gain an insight into the different ethnic and indigenous practices
in rur al areas.
Rural tourism provides lots of oppor tunities to the tourists to assimilate in
the astonishing marvels of nature and add new perspectives of
understanding the ideology of rural Ind ia. Rur al tourism benefits the rural
community by generating employment for the local inhabitants,
developing infrastructural facilities and opening new avenues of
entrepreneurial activities which strengthens rural economy and helps in
alleviating poverty to an extent.
Rural tourism promotes preservation of regional heritage and culture in
terms of art & crafts and also preserves biodiversity conservation. It
prevents migration of rural people to urban areas to seek employment. It
also helps the farmer and rural artisans to develop direct contact with the
customers.
Rural tourism is not only farm-based tourism but also prov ides a single
package with rural touch in non-urban setting. Rural tourism leads to ethnic
tourism in some areas, it includes farm based holidays, ecotourism and
nature holidays for people having special interests, educational travel,
fishing, art & culture and heritage tourism. All this accounts to themunotes.in

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138participation of tourist in the creation of employment for the locals, sales
of goods from rur al artisans, income, prof it and r eturns. This
economic impact of tourism is very important factor in the regional,
national, public planning and regional development.
Unity in Diversity of India has a lot of things to offer to the tourists. Rur al
tourism in India on ce reaches to its full potential, will open doors of
mutual benefit for bo th the tourists as well as the rural people. Every
village, region and state of India has its own culture, tradition, customs,
language, cuisines and costumes and can offer a unique no n-urban or rur al
experience of a lifetime which can be unforg ettable. Rural tourism off ers a
journey back to our roots encompassing a wide range of activities and lots
of attractions in rural environment which is pure and natural. From the
perspective of rur al development it is an important activity due to its
contribution to the economic and social development of ru ral people.
Check your progress
Q1 - Explain the concept of rural tourism.
7.7 NATURE OF RURAL TOURISM:
Rural tourism is defined as “The movement of people from their normal
place of residence to rural areas for a minimum period of twenty-four
hours to the maximum of six months for the sole purpo se of leisure and
pleasure.” Rur al tourism refers to all tourism activities in a rur al area.
Rural tourism is essentially an activity that takes place in the countryside
and is multi-faceted. Different for ms of rural tourism are farm or
agricultural tourism, cultural tourism, nature tourism, adventure tourism
and eco-tourism. Rural tourism has certain typical characteristics like –
the locations are sparsely popu lated, it is experience oriented, it meshes
with seasonality, it is predominantly in natural environment and is based
on pr eservation of culture, heritage and traditions.
Rural tourism is one of the few activities which can provide a solution to
the trend of urb anization that has led to the falling income levels, lesser
job oppor tunities in the total areas leading to an urbanization syndro me in
the rural areas. The other factors for the shifting trend towards rural
tourism are increasing levels of awareness, improved accessibility,
growing interest in heritage & culture and environmental consciousness. A
new style of rural tourism has emerged wherein people visit villages to
experience and live a relaxed and healthy lifestyle which has now become a
formal type of rural tourism. Main aim is to pro mote village tourism as the
primary tourism produ ct to spread tourism and its socio-economic benefits
to the rural areas and the rural people. The regions generated for tourism
are highly developed and ur banized.
A desire to escape from the monoculture of city living is due to stress of
urban living and the remoteness from the natural environment.
Idealized release from stress and the oppor tunity to re-engage with a
simpler, quieter way of life offering rest and relaxation is offered by ru ral munotes.in

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139areas. Increasing awareness about the environment and the interest in the
relationship between humans and the environment is on the increase.
Green issues have raised the attractiveness of rural experiences as
ecologically sustainable tourism. Accessibility of rural areas have become
possible with the d evelopment of transport & communication and the
removal of political and economic barrier. Changingworking p atterns
have increased the popu larity of shorter breaks. Income and leisure time
have changed the ou tlook towards short v acation with greater choice of
leisure activities are op ted for. Changed working patterns minimize the
absence from work and the effect of absences on work f low and
involvement.

sameerkumar94.med ium.com
Fragmented nature and diversity of off erings satisfy the needs for un ique
experiences and rur al tourism of Free Ind ependent Travellers (FIT) and
educated travellers who have interest in outdoor recreation, eco-tourism
and special interest tourism. Rural tourism satisfies the need to know more
about our culture and heritage. Rural areas are chosen as they have healthy
environment, fresh air, clean water and g ive an oppo rtunity for ou tdoor
recreation and also offers fresh and ethnic food. Rural tourism is REAL
(Rewarding, enriches the spirit, provides Adventure and Learning). An
increasing desire for authentic experiences including interaction with local
people is believed to be found in genuine country experiences and
lifestyles.
Check your progress
Q 1- What is the nature of rural tourism?
7.8 IMPORTANCE OF RURAL TOURISM
Tourism is one of the important part of rural economy and rural tourism
provides valuable commercial and employment oppor tunities for the local
popu lation. Rural tourism can help to disperse tourism in highly popu lated
country like Ind ia. Rural tourism is still on a minority basis it is making a
valuable contribution to rur al economies. Its contribution can be indicated
in financial terms as well as in terms of jobs, encouraging to adopt new
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pscnotes.in/rural-tourism
Benefits of Rural Tourism:Employment generation – The main
advantage of pro moting rur al tourism is to create employment
oppo rtunities for the local rural people, especially for those who do not
have agricultural land to meet their economic needs. Tourism requires a
multitude of services in which local community members can engage
themselves in a variety of economic activities li ke accommodation, food
and beverages, local guides, artisan’s etc. Rural tourism income flow can
assist job retention services like retailing, transport, hospitality and
medical care. It can also provide additional income to the farmers, foresters
and fishermen. Job creation occurs in ho tel and catering trades and in
information / heritage interpretation.
Preservation of local tradition – Rural tourism provides economic
incentives to preserve the culture and tradition of a region, when the
tourists visit the rural areas to get a feel of authentic and ethnic rural areas.
People have started to adopt global produ cts with increased urbanization
and globalization.





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thebetterindia.com
Rural tourism encourages local communities to revive and preserve their
traditions, art & crafts, traditional festivals, architecture and other unique
practices. In rural tourism the sense of place is the fundamental element
which makes the area attractive to visit and live in for both the tourists and
host community. This sense of place is maintained partly through rural
museums that play a vital role in preserving heritage.
Developing new skills – The tourism and hospitality industry requires
specific skills to satisfy the tourist. The local community members learn
new skill sets once the tourist begins visiting the local areas. the tourism
industry often promotes an exciting and growing industry which suits to
the energies and enthusiasm of young er generation. Career options
especially within the small communities can be enhanced with the
oppor tunities for training and direct involvement in run ning tourism
business.
Cultural exchange – Rural tourism promotes cultural exchange as local
communities share their culture and traditions with the tourists and in the
process also learn about their culture and tradition.






swaniti.com
Arts and crafts have a special place in the cultural heritage of regions and
nations. It is seen that tourism facilitates arts and crafts, both by
perceiving their importance and by purchasing craft produ cts. Suppor ting
arts and tourism is a two-way pro cess. In many r egions and
communities arts and crafts festivals are used as a marketing tool to
encourage the visitors to come to their areas.
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142Reduces Urban drift – On of the challenge, most of the countries are
facing is the migration of rural people to urban areas. With the promotion
of rural tourism, migration to the urban areas is reduced as people get
employment oppo rtunities in their region only. Infrastructural
development due to tourism encourages people to stay where they are
rather than migrating to the urban areas.
Improves Quality of life – Rural tourism has an enormous potential to
enhance the quality of life of the local residents and they have access to
global information, produ cts and services due to the social interaction
between the tourists and local people. Local government also takes
initiative in building up infrastructural facilities like roads, electricity,
hospitals, etc. when tourist pour in large numbers.
Entrepreneurship opportunities – There are tremendous
entrepreneurial oppo rtunities generated on account of rural tourism and
this industry has huge po tential to create new bu siness oppor tunities as
interested people can undertake a variety of support services. Tourism
generates new oppor tunities for industry and for those rural businesses also
that are not directly involved in tourism can be benefited from tourist
activity through developing close relationships with tourists facilities
where local foods can be used as part of the tourism offering in a locality.
Rural tourism facilitates expansion of complementary business. It can be
service stations and n ew businesses created to cater to tourists needs for
hospitality services, recreational activities and handicrafts and arts.
Builds Comm unity pride – Rural tourism promotes community
diversification as local people start taking advantage of their existing
resources for economic and social benefit. Communities having unique
resources can earn their livelihood by strengthening their skills
thereby enhancing community pride. Tourism encourages conformity to an
ideal image of community resulting in growth of personal ties and
community solidarity. Amenities play a fundamental role in shaping a
communities identity and pr ide which results in the potential of tourism
for

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improvements in giving facilities and amenities which has positive
implications for community pride, particularly the rural museums which
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143Environmental Benefits – There is risk of ecological degradation if there
is an increase in the nu mber of tourists. To preserve authenticity, landscape
conservation can be promoted and can encourage local communities to
adopt environmentally friendly practices. Landscape conservation is an
important form of heritage protection.

drishtiias.com
Landscape is of pivotal importance to rural tourism and vice-versa even
visitor use is vital to the landscape conservation industry. Visitor use can
provide political benefits, economic gains and provide jobs in maintaining
and repairing traditional landscapes worn by recreational activities.
improvements like village paving and traffic regulation schemes, sewage
system and litter disposal can be assisted by tourism revenues and political
pressures from authorities. All the above develop a pride of place, and is
important in retaining existing population and bu siness, and also attract
new enterprises and families.
Sustainable livelihood – Rural tourism provides sustainable livelihood to
rural communities as a source of income irrespective of the seasonality
factor. There is always a risk of seasonality as rural economies are
predominantly agriculture-based, which affects the income-generating
oppor tunities for rural people. In such a situation the rur al tourism can be
a sustainable livelihood mechanism for rur al people. Visitor
information services can be provided by existing outlets like shops
which increase income flow if payment is made for acting as information
outlets.
Wom en empowerment – There are higher chances for women category
to be a part of the gro wing village economy due to the increase in tourists
activities in rural communities. Women can be engaged in various tourism
service processes like canteen services, housekeeping, food and beverages,
etc.
Check your progress
Q - Give the importance or benefits of rural tourism.


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1447.9 L IMITAT IONS OF RURAL TOURISM
Problems of the rur al-tourism in Maharashtra:
Even though there is great potential for tourism development due to good
natural and climatic conditions there are some problems in the process of
tourism development. Major challenges and prob lems are as follows:
1) Lack of p erfect knowledge about tourism
2) Weak communication skill and lack of commercial approach of the
small farmers
3) Lack of capital to develop basic infrastructure for tourism
4) Lack of training in rural tourism
5) Dependence on stake holders involved in tourism development on local
and regional level
6) Ignor ance of the farmers regarding this activity
7) Lack of co-ordination between agriculture and tourism department
8) Presence of unorg anized sector in tourism industry
9) Lack of co-operation in rur al people
10) Quality and complexity of services
11) Ensuring hyg iene and basic requirements considering urb an visitors
12) Lakhs of farmers have small size land ho lding, low quality land and
very little or no access to credit.
13) Low level of entrepreneurial environment
14) Non availability of insurance policy of tourists
15) High rate of interest on bank loan
17) Have to negotiate with consistent floods and dr oughts
18) Government support to tourism
19) High rate of electricity unit bill
Check your progress
Q - What are the limitations of rural tourism? munotes.in

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1457.10 SUMMA RY
Travel and tourism are as old as mankind on earth. At the beginning of the
existence of man, he roamed about the surface of the earth in search of
food, shelter, security and b etter habitat. Tourism, is a world-wide
phenomenon, that touches the h ighest and deepest aspirations of all
people. It is also a very important element of socio-economic and political
development of a country. Tourism has a positive economic impact on the
balance of payments, on employment, on gross income and produ ction.
Travel and tourism is the largest service industry in India which provides
heritage, cultural, medical, business and sports tourism. Main objective is
to develop and pro mote tourism, maintain competitiveness and expand
existing tourism produ cts to ensure employment generation & economic
growth.
Indian tourism has outperformed global tourism in terms of its growth,
development, the vo lume of tourists and revenue. Tourism is a potent tool
to transform agrarian societies by involving rur al communities in the
development process. Tourism is one of the important part of rural
economy and rural tourism prov ides valuable commercial and
employment oppor tunities for the local pop ulation. Rural tourism can help
to disperse tourism in highly popu lated country like India. Even though
there is great potential for tourism development due to good natural and
climatic conditions there are some prob lems in the pr ocess of tourism
development.
7.11 SELF STUDY
Q - 01 What is tourism development?
Q - 02 Explain the concept of tourism
Q - 03 What are the factors responsible for the tourism development in
India?
Q - 04 What are the merits and demerits of tourism?
Q - 05 What is rural tourism?
Q - 06 Explain the concept of rur al tourism.
Q - 07 What is the nature of rur al tourism?
Q - 08 Give the importance or benefits of rur al tourism.
Q - 09 What are the limitations of rur al tourism?
Q - 10 Write short notes on:
a) Characteristics of Tourism
b) Weat her and C limate factors of tourism munotes.in

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146c) Rur al tourism contributes to a great extent to rural development d) Rur al
tourism and employment generation
References:
http://www .researchjournal.co.in › assignments
 https://tourismteacher.com/why-tourism-development-planning-is-
important/
 https://tourismteacher.com /rural-tourism/#9-why-is-rural-tourism-
important
 https :/ / g lobaledg e.ms u.edu › blog › pos t › the -importance...
 http://www .earlytimes.in/newsdet.as px?q=250619
 https://tourismnotes.com/development-of-tourism-in-india/
 https://theqna.org/factors-responsible-for-development-of-tourism-in-
india/
 https://soapboxie.com/economy/Advantages-and-disadvantages-of-
tourism
 https://pscnotes.in/rural-tourism-india-pdf/
 http://www .ijims.com/uploads/c0e77b75f748148 c86dez6.pdf



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8
AGRO TOURISM & ENVIRONMENTAL
TOURISM
Dr. Anjali Patil

Unit Structure :
8.1 Introduction - Agro Tourism
8.2 Concept
8.3 Nature & Scope
8.4 Importance
8.5 Merits and Demerits
8.6 Introduction - Environmental Tourism
8.7 Concept
8.8 Nature
8.9 Need and Importance
8.10 Summary
8.11 Self Study
8.1 INTRODUCTION - AGRO TOURISM:
India being an agricultural country, it is expected from us to be well
informed about agricultural practices and operations. We have to observe
mother earth – nature as it is an open door school without walls, explore
the hidden treasures and learn something or the other from her.
Agrotourism is a concept of holidays wherein a visit to working farm or
any agricultural, horticultural or agribusiness operations is organized for
the purpose of enjoyment, education or active participation in the activities
of the farm or operation. Agro-tourism in general is the practice of
attracting visitors or travellers to an area used primarily for agricultural
purposes. Agro -tourism is an innovat ive agricultural activity related to
tourism and agriculture both and Maharashtra is one of the major tourist
centres .There is large scope and great potential to encourage farmers to
establish small and viable business es like agro-tourism in rural India.
Agro-tourism gives people a chance to learn about rural environment,
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moreover can participate in actually working in the farms and can but the
agricultural products directly from a farm. Agritourism is a form of
tourism in which farms are used as tour destinations for educational and/or
recreational purposes.


Agrotourism word cloud concept. vector ... canstockphoto.com
Increasing urban population has compelled the urban children restricted to
closed door schools, classes, cartoon programs on television, video games,
computer, internet, chocolates, soft drinks, spicy fast food and so on the
list bad habi ts. They see nature and natural things on television screen.
The fact is that many people living in urban areas do not have relatives in
villages and have not or never visited or stayed in village. There are
people living in cities who don’t have a house i n the village or a village
itself. This is where Agro-tourism play an important part. In general
agriculture as business has become more expensive as a result many
farmers can’t afford it and addition to this there is gradual loss of fertility
of land with decrease in the yields. There is need for the farmers to start
business of any form to compliment and support to their income from
land.

Farm Tourism Stock Illustrations – 4 ...dreamstime.com
Initially Agro-tourism is a style of travelling to a farm usually offering an
opportunity to help with on -site farming during the visit. Agro -tourism is
becoming an increasingly popular industry globa lly and even in almost
every state of India. Agro -tourism offers a unique experience from picking
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our own fresh fruit at an orchard, calf roping, milking the cow etc. there
are lots of unique activities to be explored.
Check your progress
Q1- What is Agro -tourism?
Agri tourism Definitions:
The dictionary meaning of Agritourism is “Tourism in which tourist’s
board at farms or in rural villages and experience farming at close hand .”
(Dictionary of the English Language, 2000).
Barbieri and Mshenga (2008) de fine Agritourism as “any practice
developed on a working farm with the purpose of attracting visitors.”

Rajrohi Agri Tourism Center - Agri Tourism agritourism.in
McGehee , Kim, and Jennings (2007) explain Agritourism as ‘‘ Rural
enterprises which incorporate both a working farm environment and a
commercial tourism component.”
Marques (2006) : “A specific type of rural tourism in which the hosting
house must be integrated in to an agricultural estate, inhabited by the
proprietor, allowing visitors to takepart in agricultural or complementary
activities on the property.”
World Tourism Organization (1998) defines Agro tourism as “ Involves
accommodation being offered in the far m house or in a separate
guesthouse, providing meals and organizing guests’ activities in the
observation and participation in the farming operations.”
Agrotourism for farmers is considered as “A range of activities, services
and amenities provided by far mers and rural people to attract tourist to
their area in order to generate extra income for their businesses”.
Agrotourism for tourists is considered as “anything that connects tourists
with theheritage, natural resource or culinary experiences unique to the
agricultural industry or a specific region of the country’s rural areas.”

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Rich et al (2012) defines Agro-tourism “To comprise of activities offered
on working farms and other agricultural settings for entertainment or
educational purposes. ”
Check your progress
Q1- Define Agro -tourism
8.2 CONCEPT OF AGRO -TOURISM:
The Agro-tourism concept was formally launched on 1st May 2004. The
concept of Agro -tourism consists involvement of private sector, the
farmers / Agri -tourism service providers based on public private
partnership. Agr o-tourism service providers act as both hosts and guides to
the visiting tourist. Agro -touri sm centres have clean, hygienic
environment with modern facilities for comfort of visitors. Preference is
given to farms which have agricultural land attached. Agro -tourism
service provider is supposed to provide home cooked food, stay facilities
and show the visitors the agricultural practices such as floriculture,
harvesting, bee keeping, dairying etc. and introduce to him the village way
of life through various participatory activities. Agro tourism is a leisurely
activity in the rural areas that help a person understand and appreciate the
land and the people who live on it. The visitors can enjoy the natural
surroundings in fresh air. Travel now has become much more than just
tacking down th e obligatory list of local museums and sites and the
tourists want to slow down whenever they discover a new destination.

AGRO TOURISM: EXPLORING NEW AVENUES IN ...agriallis.com
The tourists meet local people in their natural environment and get an
exposure of local community life which means attending a Panchayat
meeting, exposure of local songs, food, dances, art and craft etc.
The tour of villag e includes visiting the local artisans like the carpenter,
blacksmith etc. The visitors have experience of festival occasion such as
marriage and local melas. They can also participate or witness village
games such as wresting, gulidanda , kite flying and h ave ride on bullock
cart, tractor etc. Experiences such as jumping on the hay and taking bath
in the tube well could be unique feature for the people and children from
urban areas.They can also see the important fairs and festivals being
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organized in these areas along with important monuments, havelies ,
historical sites etc. Each farm can aim at developing a unique selling point,
some are specializing in organic farming, others is in floriculture, natural
health management etc. Agro-tourism provides people t he welcome escape
from the daily routine hectic life in the peaceful rural environment by
giving the tourists the chance to relax and revitalize in the pure natural
environment, surrounded by magnificent setting.
Check your progress
Q1- Give the concept of Agro-tourism.
8.3 NATURE& SCOPE:
Agro-tourism facilitates the tourists to live life like a villager, milking the
cow, ploughing the field, swimming in a well, climbing a tree or plucking
fruits from trees, etc. It is a new concept in Indian tourism sector that
normally occurs on farms giving an opportunity to experience the real
enchanting rural life with authentic taste of local food including the
different farming tasks during the visit on a farm. Agr o-Tourism
Development Corporation in India is pioneer in the development and
marketing of Agro-tourism concept in India.
Agriculture is the backbone of Indian economy and around 75% of the
rural population directly or indirectly depend on agriculture. Agriculture is
India’s culture more t han a profession or a business and adding additional
income generating activities to the existing agriculture would certainly
increase agricultural contribution in the national GDP and Agro-tourism is
one such activity.

Agro tourism in maharashtraslideshare.net
Agro-tourism is an instrument for sustainable human development, to
generate employment and alleviate poverty. In-order to promote domestic
tourism, core areas are identified by the Indian government like
development of infrastructures, development of eco -adventure sports,
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product development and diversification, providing inexpensive
accommodation, human resource development, cultural presentations,
creating awareness and public participation and facilitation of private
sector participation and streamlining facilitation procedures at airports.
Scope of Agri -Tourism :
a) Health consciousness of urban population and finding solace with
nature -friendly means – People are in constant search of peaceful
life as due to modern lifestyle life has become stressful and average
life span has come down. Endemic medical knowledge of the village
people is respected and Ayurveda has its roots in villages as it has a
pro-nature medical approach.
b) The desire for peace and tranquillity –As modern life is a product of
diversified thinking and activities, e very individual work in different
directions to earn more money to enjoy modern comforts. Due to this
peace has dis appeared from their life. Tourism is a way to search for a
peaceful location and Agri-tourism is a small solution as it is away
from urban areas, close to the nature and peace and tranquillity are
inbuilt in Agri-tourism.
c) An inexpensive gateway for a la rge number of people –The concept
of Agri -tourism takes a larger number of population to travel and
tourism. It widens the scope of tourism due to its cost -effectiveness as
the cost of food, accommodation, recreation and travel is less in Agri-
tourism.
d) Curiosity about the farming industry and lifestyle –The urban
population has its roots in villages are always curious to learn about
sources of food, plants, animals, raw materials like wood, handicrafts,
languages, culture, tradition, dresses and rural lif estyle. Villages and
agriculture have the capacity to satisfy this curiosity of urban
population and Agri-tourism revolves around the farmers and villages.
e) Strong demand for wholesome family -oriented recreational
activities –Rural areas provide recreational opportunities and activities
to all age groups in the family at a cheaper rate. A variety of
entertainment is provided to the entire family in the form of rural
games, food, festivals, dress and natural scenery of the villages.
f) Closeness to nature – The urban population always try to be close to
nature in their free time due to their busy lifestyle in cities. Mountains,
rivers, lakes, crops, birds in the rural areas make them forget about their
busy life and be close to t he nature.
g) To maintain each other’s space - As the urban areas are overcrowded
the people go beyond the cities to the resorts or farmhouses as they
don’t want to disturb each other’s space. In Ari-tourism good efforts
are made to create the village at mosphere in the name of resorts in
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h) Agri -tourism and future -Agro-tourism brings urban population close
to villages in turn to farming which will technically improve the
farming operations. It will not only help the people financially but also
the agricultural operations will be on the increase.
Check your progress
Q1- Answer in detail the nature and scope of Agro-tourism .
8.4 IMPORTANCE:
Agriculture is a most important occupation in the India including in the
Maharashtra. But, today it has becomes unprofitable due the irregular
monsoon, prices fluctuations of agr o-products and some internal weakness
of the agriculture sector. Hence, there is need to do some innovative
activities in the agriculture, which wi ll help to farmers and rural peoples.
Urban population is increasing day by day in the Maharashtra. Today the
urban people’s world is restricted in the closed door flats, offices, clubs,
television, video games, spicy fast food, computer, internet and so o n.
They can see nature only on television or screen of the computers. More -
over, some people living in the cities do not have relatives in villages and
they never visit or stay in villages. These peoples want enjoy rural life but
there is problem of such t ype of facilities. Hence, it is opportunity to the
farmers for development of the agr o-tourism centres and serve them and
create additional income sources.
Check your progress
Q1- Write short note on importance of agro -tourism.
8.5 MERITS AND DEMERITS OF AGRI -TOURISM:
Merits of agriculture tourism for the farmers , communities in villages
and for the people leaving away from farms :
Farming operations can be expanded. Revenues of the farm can be
increased. There is an increase in employment due to developme nt in the
consumer markets. Awareness about the locally produced agricultural
goods will increase. Urban people will understand the importance of
agricultural land. Increase in the living conditions of the farm will lead to
an increase in the opportunities for farm recreation. Agr o-tourism will
have an opportunity to sustain for a long time with the improvement in the
management skills and entrepreneurship spirit. Supplementary income for
the local businesses is generated with the help of which they can upg rade
the services they have to provide services for the tourists. If tourism is
developed, traditions of local art and craft , will be preserved and markets
for local products and services which are a part of agriculture can be
created thus promoting inter-regional and inter -cultural communication.
Awareness can be increased about the issues related to agriculture and the
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through jobs. There would be an improvement in the protection of t he
landscapes in the rural areas.

farm to fork' dream into reality ... timesofindia.indiatime s.com
Tourism markets will have a unique place in rural areas. The currency
which is non local will be flowing into the businesses which are set up in
the rural regions. Agri-tourism provides an interaction of urban people
with the nature, they can enjo y scenic beauty of nature and farming. It will
also create an opportunity for the tourists to learn about the farming
operations and educate the tourists about how to combine tourism and the
preservation of the environment.
Agro-tourism overall serves to c apture new farm customers, educate the
public about agriculture and enhance the quality of life for the farm er
family, which represents both, economic and non -economic benefits. It
brings major primary sector agriculture closer to major service sector
touri sm.Tourism sector has potential to enlarge.Agriculture sector has the
capacity to absorb expansion in tourism Sector. It also causes less
pollution.
Check your progress
Q1- Write short note on merits of Agro-tourism.
Demerits of Agr o-tourism:
Agro-tourism development would not be met unless being considered
some expenses for it and it causes negative effects by risking the rural
environment. In addition causes negative effects on economic,
socialcultural environment and environment.

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About Agri Tourism Development ... agritourism.in
Although Agro-tourism causes income production and plays an effective
role for creating job opportunities, the yields should balance economic
losses. Agro-tourism increases the expenses of public services e.g. waste
disposal, medicinal services and providing police costs. It also i nterferes
developing costs e.g. creating tourism attraction, facilities and generally,
basic reformations. it causes to raise the price of land, goods and services,
particularly ownership of the country houses in rural areas. Long period of
unpleasant climate condition or competition of other areas will decrease
the number of visitors .

Growth of agricultural tourism in India ... businesseconomics.in
Overcrowding of tourists may have long -term and short -term influence on
social and cultural stability of villages. It may have negative impact on the
villages like increase in crimes, and other anti -social behaviours , decrease
local services like local shops may be replaced by restaurants, increasing
number of tourists may violate villages boundaries. New thoughts,
clothing pattern and wrong behaviour may confront with the traditional
and cultural values.
Village environment is flexible and capable being developed for tourism.
Increasing number of tourists and facilities to be provided for them to
meet their needs if not controlled and managed, may decreas e
environmental features that attract tourists or even destroy it. Increase
pollution in rural areas. e.g. increased wastes and residue which are
resulted from too much passengers’ traffic, sound or visual pollution
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caused by traffic jamo n roads of village s, littering or inappropriate
development or interfering in common appearance of the village and
conflicts with non -farm neighbours. Agr o-tourism may require hiring and
training more people in an already tight job market.
Check your progress
Q1- What are the demerits of Agro-tourism?
8.6 INTRODUCTION - ENVIRONMENTAL TOURISM:
Natural attractions are geographical features that have a specific appeal to
the tourism market. Globally there are many varieties of natural attractions
and they have been shaped by the unique natural forces of the surrounding
environment. Natural attract ions include desserts, rainforest,polar regions,
woodlands , mountains , beaches , swamp's , grasslands , alpine areas, caves ,
cliffs , oceans , rivers and the unique life forms that inhabitthose
environment's (animals, birds, insects and plants) . We visit natura l habitats
to enjoy the grandeur of nature, to escape from the pressures of urban life,
to escape from humanity, to explore the different landscapes, to
experience outdoor adventures in a natural setting, to learn about the
environment, to experience outdo or adventures in a natural setting,to learn
about the environment, to participate in conserving the environment.

Sustainable Tourism, Green Tourism ... yonat ure.com
Some natural attractions are close to cities and transport systems and our
highly publicised and attract thousands of tourists across the globe each
year. While some other natural attractions our hidden treasures and are
known only to a few people and it r equires considerable effort to get there.
Some of the natural attractions have many tourist facilities like
accommodation, cafes, shops and guided tours while others have very
little facilities or no development has taken place. Management of the
tourists attraction location, its popularityor associated development has to
be done to stop degradation of natural ecosystem that includes plants,
animals, rivers, geology, etc. which are an intrinsic element of the
attractionand have taken millions of years to ev olve.

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Eco Tourism in India | Eco Tourism ... anshexplorer.com
Tourism that involves visiting scenic or remote natural areas while
attempting to minimised negative impacts on the environment and on the
local inhabitants. Environmental tourism is designed to contribute to the
protection of the environment or at least minimised damage to it, often
involving travel to areas of natural inter est in developing countries or
participation in environmental projects. Environmental tourism typically is
defined as travel to destinations where the flora fauna and cultural heritage
are the primary attractions. Responsible ecotourism includes programs t hat
minimised the adverse effects of traditional tourism on the natural
environment and enhance the cultural integrity of local people .
Check your progress
Q1- What is environmental tourism?
8.7 CONCEPT:
The concept of environmental tourism is that peopl e get more acquainted
with the ecological and sociocultural concerns of the world through first -
hand experience, and be more active in conservation and making change
to save the planet. Environmental tourism is not only an adventure into the
wilderness whi ch aims to save the planet, but also expands the profit
giving travel industry to the developing countries where there is scarcity
of jobs and economies are struggling to sustain .

Trends in Ecotourism Research in India ...cwsindia.org
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Travelling to unique and remarkable environments around the world is on
the increase due to the awareness of the fragile nature of our planet and its
beauty and is know n as environmental tourism. It focuses on the
ecological surroundings of the destination, that have natural beauty and
wonder. The increasing number of tourists impacts the environment and
the culture of the location. New construction (lodging) often destr oys the
natural ecosystem and improper disposal of the increased amounts of
waste.
Environmental tourism in socio -cultural sense may create a problem with
the displacement of people and their resources. It may block and endanger
the daily customs by intro ducing new difficulties and cultures of the local
people. A focus on responsible and sustainable tourism has been added to
the concept of environmental tourism to achieve the goals more
effectively. More regulation for developers is implemented, growth
management is employed and the travellers are encouraged to take
education regarding the environmental tourism. With these measures , the
local communities have more control over the conservation of their
surroundings and culture to reap the benefits of enviro nmental tourism.
Check your progress
Q1- Give the concept of environmental tourism.
8.8 NATURE:
As a relatively new phenomenon in global tourism activities, ecotourism is
an environmental tourism oriented to nature preservation. Environmental
tourism has become the fastest growing sector of the tourism industry
growing three times faster than the industry as a whole. There is an
increasing trend in environmental concern allied with the historically
prevalent trend of travel, escape to nature to seek solitude due to the
pressures of urban living resulting in the increase in the visits to national
parks and protected areas.
Tourists are attracted to natural sites by the images they see.
They should never be disappointed and they should always be provided
with an experience that is both aesthetically and intellectually pleasing.
Besides natural beauty of the place the site should be managed to meet the
minimum expectations of a clean, healthy, flourishing environment by the
tourists . it is essenti al to protect and preserve the environment in its
natural state as far as possible along with the development of sensitively
designed facilities, including pathways, picnic areas, accommodation and
service areas. tourism success at natural sites depends on the quality of
environment as good tourism development involves protecting that
environment and allowing for safe and sensitive access to its attractions.
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Sustainable Travel E xperiences in Indiasita.in
Sustainable tourism aims to achieve a balance between preserving natural
environments with the needs of the tourists. Ecotourism is the best known
form of sustainable tourism having strong focus on visitor participation
and ed ucation.
Main characteristics of ecotourism are:
 It promotes positive environmental ethics
 It emphasises on natural ecosystems
 It does not degrade the natural resources or attraction towards it
 It is beneficial for the wildlife and the environment
 It pr ovides the visitors with first -hand experience of the
environment
 It provides education to the visitors about the environment.

Q1- What is the nature of environmental tourism and give its
characteristics?
8.9 NEED AND IMPORTANCE:
Ecotourism is an important opening in the tourism industry. It is one of the
fastest growing sectors in the tourism industry all over the world. It is very
important to the economies of the developing countries having lots of
natural attractions but have l imited resources to develop tourism.
Ecotourism attracts tourists who wish to visit undisturbed environments so
that they can enjoy and appreciate nature. It has a strong emphasis to
provide their guest with an understanding of the environment for
ex.guide d walks and wildlife safari. Ecotourists are also encouraged to
participate in conservation programs like assisting the scientists to collect
field data and samples so that it helps the tourists to understand the
importance and benefit of the environment.

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Environmental Sustainability: India vs ...iamrenew.com
As defined by the International Ecotourism Society, ecotourism refers to “
Responsible travel that conserves the environment and improves the well -
being of local people”. Ecotourism is also called as “Nature Tourism”.
Ecotourism’s main objective is to minimize the impact brought by the
tourism on environment. The idea of ecotourism is to focus on uniting
conservation, communities and sustainable development through the
means of travel.
Importance of Ecotourism:
Certain rules and guidelines are to be followed by the people who are
engaged in ecotourism.
 Ecotourism builds cultural and environmental awareness
 It encourages positive experience for visitors as well as hosts
 It boosts employment and financial opportunities for the local
people
 Ecotourism encourages conservation by providing fina ncial
benefits in its favour
 It focuses on adulterated, pristine natural environments
 Ecotourism minimizes the impact of tourism on the environment
 It minimizes the impact of tourism on the environment
Check your progress
Q- What is the need and importanc e of environmental tourism?
8.10 SUMMARY:
Agro tourism is a concept of holidays wherein a visit to working farm or
any agricultural, horticultural or agribusiness operations is organized for
the purpose of enjoyment, education or active participation in the activities
of the farm or operation. Inc reasing urban population has compelled the
urban children restricted to closed door schools, classes, cartoon programs
on television, video games, computer, internet, chocolates, soft drinks,
spicy fast food and so on the list bad habits. There are people living in
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cities who don’t have a house in the village or a village itself. This is
where Agro-tourism play an important part. Agro-tourism facilitates the
tourists to live life like a villager, milking the cow, ploughing the field,
swimming in a well, cli mbing a tree or plucking fruits from trees, etc.
If tourism is developed, traditions of local art and craft, will be preserved
and markets for local products and services which are a part of agriculture
can be created thus promoting inter -regional and int er-cultural
communication. Overcrowding of tourists may have long -term and short -
term influence on social and cultural stability of villages. It may have
negative impact on the villages like increase in crimes, and other anti -
social behaviours, decrease lo cal services like local shops may be replaced
by restaurants, increasing number of tourists may violate villages
boundaries.
Environmental tourism is designed to contribute to the protection of the
environment or at least minimised damage to it, often inv olving travel to
areas of natural interest in developing countries or participation in
environmental projects. Environmental tourism typically is defined as
travel to destinations where the flora fauna and cultural heritage are the
primary attractions. Res ponsible ecotourism includes programs that
minimised the adverse effects of traditional tourism on the natural
environment and enhance the cultural integrity of local people.
The concept of environmental tourism is that people get more acquainted
with the ecological and sociocultural concerns of the world through first -
hand experience, and be more active in conservation and making change
to save the planet. Environmental tourism is not only an adventure into the
wilderness which aims to save the planet, bu t also expands the profit
giving travel industry to the developing countries where there is scarcity
of jobs and economies are struggling to sustain. There is an increasing
trend in environmental concern allied with the historically prevalent trend
of trav el, escape to nature to seek solitude due to the pressures of urban
living resulting in the increase in the visits to national parks and protected
areas.
8.11 SELF STUDY
Q- 01 What is Agro -tourism?
Q- 02 Define Agro -tourism
Q- 03 Give the concept of Agro-tourism.
Q- 04Answer in detail the nature and scope of Agro-tourism.
Q- 05 What are the demerits of Agro-tourism?
Q- 06 What is environmental tourism?
Q- 07 Give the concept of environmental tourism. munotes.in

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Q-08 What is the nature of environmental tourism and give its
characteristics?
Q–09 What is the need and importance of environmental tourism?
Q-10 Write short note on
a) Importance of Agro -tourism.
b) Merits of Agro -tourism.
References:
 https://www.researchgate.net › file.PostFileLoader.html
 https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/agri -tourism -sustainable -business -
opportunity -indian-farmers -reddy
 http://www.agritourism.in/the -concept/
 http://jotr.eu/index.php/tourismmanagement/105 -katsoni1
 https://prezi.com/g35yhhfe6naq/agriculture -tourism/
 https://www.agrifarming.in/agriculture -touris m-in-india -benefits -
of-agri-tourism
 https://www.torontosom.ca/blog/what -is-ecotourism -and-why-is-it-
important
http://ajbasweb.com/old/ajbas/2011/December -2011/1602 -
1612.pdf
 https://www.researchgate.net › file.PostFileLoader....
 https://www.infobloom.com/what -is-environmental -tourism.htm
https://www.omicsonline.org › scholarly › envi ronmental -...
 https://www.thefreedictionary.com/Environmental+tourism
 https://tourismnotes.com/eco -tourism/
 https://nmssanctuaries.blob.core.windows.net/sanctuaries -
prod/media/archive/management/pdfs/day3_concepts_manual.pdf






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